anonymous_warhol-flowers by Cornelia Sollfrank

The “anonymous_warhol-flowers”, an integral part of the ongoing artistic research project “This Is Not By Me”, was initiated in 2004 by Cornelia Sollfrank. This project represents Sollfrank’s exploration into themes such as digital authorship, originality, copyright, and ownership. By employing the net.art generator with a focus on the iconic Warhol flowers as a case study, she examines these concepts. In this article, we delve into the creation process and background of this work, offering insights into the complexities and legal nuances of artistic expression in the digital age.

anonymous_warhol-flowers@Apr_16_16.06.41_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

Cornelia Sollfrank, based in Berlin, Germany, is an artist, researcher, and author. In the 1990s, she emerged as a pioneer of net art and a key figure in cyberfeminism. Her work explores new models of authorship and the deconstruction of myths surrounding originality. At the core of her work is the net.art generator, a computer program that recombines and collages material from the internet, which has significantly impacted her research into intellectual property.

One of her works that investigates these themes using this program is the “anonymous_warhol-flowers” project. It exists in two different forms: as digital collages stored in an online database, and selected works from this database have been chosen for production as physical prints. The latter are produced using various techniques, including inkjet and laser print on photo paper, as well as on canvas and aluminum, and silkscreen prints on paper. This project has been showcased in many different contexts across Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, UK, Philippines, and Hongkong, including our iconic "Automat und Mensch" exhibition in 2019 in Zürich.

anonymous_warhol_flowers@Apr_22_17.59.13_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

anonymous_warhol-flowers@Apr_16_16.15.00_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

net.art generator

The net.art generator (nag) is a computer program (Perl script) that has been around for more than 25 years, making it a well-known piece of internet art. The first net.art generator, nag_01, was developed in 1997 in collaboration with Ryan Johnston from the Banff Media Center, Canada. Since then, a number of other versions have been created over the years. In 2003, Cornelia Sollfrank developed the concept for nag_05 in close collaboration with programmer Panos Galanis from the Hamburg-based company IAP. This version of the program interacts with the internet to gather image materials and assemble them into new collages. It creates images that reflect both the machine's workings and their origin environment—the Internet.

The creation process begins when a title is entered. The title acts as a search term for Google, initiating a query. The search results then undergo a transformation by the server-side program ImageMagick, culminating in the production of a new collage. It generates unique images every day, presenting how the online source material is changing over time.

Among the projects generated by nag is the anonymous_warhol-flowers, which uses "warhol flowers" as the search term. Each artwork's title embodies its technical origin with three elements: the author's name (displaying as anonymous if no name is entered), the search term used for material selection, and the exact time and date of creation according to the server location, thus providing a unique timestamp and context for each piece.

Andy Warhol's Flower Paintings at Leo Castelli Gallery, 1964. Image: Creative Commons

Flowers by Warhol

The search term "warhol flowers" directly connects to Andy Warhol's series, a portfolio of prints showcased at the artist's highly successful solo exhibition at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York in 1964. This exhibition marked a sell-out success and also represented a significant moment in his career.

The Flowers prints stood out from traditional still life floral paintings. For Warhol's approach to creating flowers, where he focused on a single subject and replicated it across multiple canvases, mirrored the mechanical and commercial reproduction techniques seen in advertising and mass media. Warhol said, “The reason I'm painting this way is that I want to be a machine, and I feel that whatever I do and do machine-like is what I want to do.” This methodology, representing a unique moment in art history where production emulated machine processes with a singular subject, drew Cornelia Sollfrank's attention as it echoed the fundamentals of generative art.

Andy Warhol, Flowers, 1964, Offset lithograph, Image: MOMA

Andy Warhol, Flowers, 1964, Acrylic on Canvas, Image: Peggy Guggenheim Collection

In addition to this, there was another aspect that piqued Sollfrank's interest in utilizing the pop artist’s flowers as motifs. For the Flowers series, Warhol used a photograph of hibiscus flowers taken by Patricia Caulfield, a nature photographer, which appeared in a 1964 issue of Modern Photography. Caulfield later sued Warhol for using her photograph without permission, challenging long-standing definitions of “fine art” that prioritize originality and authorship.  This aspect of utilizing pre-existing images also intrigued Sollfrank, particularly in the context of the digital age. She discovered Warhol's flower motif in 2003, and began to work with it in her own project, further exploring themes of reproduction and originality in art.

Legal aspects

Andy Warhol's approach is significantly relevant for its adoption of pre-produced materials and innovative use of reproduction techniques. By extending Warhol’s work, Sollfrank's flowers project broadens the discussion of issues in digital art related to originality, authorship, copyright, and open-source. It delves, for example, into the question who might be considered the author and owner of an image created by the net.art generator. The potential authors could be the computer program, the programmer, the user operating the program, the original work's author, or the artist conceptualizing the project. Interestingly, current law suggest that the conceptual artist might be the only one definitively excluded as the owner, as elaborated in the work copyright © cornelia sollfrank 2004.

The project also challenges the concept of copyright and authorship, especially when the digital images are treated as independent artworks—printed, exhibited, and sold. To exhibit the work, authorship is typically attributed to the person who made it, in this case, the artist, “Cornelia Sollfrank”. This legal dilemma was highlighted in 2004 when an exhibition in Basel was canceled due to concerns over the printed version of the “anonymous_warhol-flowers” potentially causing legal issues. The artist sought the opinions of four copyright law experts, each offering a different conclusion, thus presenting the large legal grey area in the use of protected images. The lawyers’ discussion of the case has been captured in the video installation “Legal Perspective”.

anonymous-warhol_flowers@Apr_16_16.10.03_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

anonymous-warhol_flowers@Apr_16_16.08.26_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

The flower motif, with its rich history of artistic appropriations, serves as an ideal subject for this investigation, offering a multi-layered perspective on authorship. The selection of this motif not only seeks to extend Warhol's experimentation into the digital age but also to contribute to the ongoing narrative of the motif itself. The act of reworking the flower motif, previously central to one of the early legal battles over artistic copyright infringement, presents a fresh opportunity to challenge and examine the legal frameworks in the context of internet conditions.

OG Flowers

The net.art generator has the capacity to continually connect with new discourses. On May 22, 2010, a significant date in the history of crypto currencies, Sollfrank revisited the project, creating 100 “anonymous_warhol-flowers”, the “OG Flowers” using the net.art generator.

Later, these flowers were minted as NFTs to continue the discourse, offering a fresh perspective on the concepts of authorship and ownership in the digital age. These NFTs introduce a level of uniqueness that was previously unattainable in digital reproductions. Although questions about the authorship of processed images still persist in the gray areas of copyright law, blockchain technology provides a definitive answer to ownership and ensures that each piece is recognized as an original. The net.art generator reaches a new level: that of speculation in a new type of commodity generated by the discourse on NFTs.

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anonymous-warhol_flowers@Apr_16_16.10.03_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

anonymous_warhol-flowers@Apr_16_16.15.00_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

anonymous_warhol-flowers@Apr_16_16.06.41_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

anonymous_warhol_flowers@Apr_22_17.59.13_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

anonymous-warhol_flowers@Apr_16_16.08.26_2019, Digital Print on paper, Size: 60 x 60 cm, Unique

Beyond Perception: The Art of David Young

David Young, an artist and designer based in New York, explores the interplay between art, and cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing. His work is an exploration of technology and an inquiry into how these tools can reshape our understanding of beauty and offer insights into their workings. In this article, we will focus on his art from 2017 to the present and feature an exclusive interview with David Young himself. He shares the creative process behind his work, as well as discusses his past and his latest series, such as “Hallucinations”, which debuted this January at NOISE Media Art Fair at Kate Vass Galerie’s booth.

Installation of the ‘Hallucinations' series at Kate Vass Galerie’s booth at NOISE Media Art Fair, Istanbul, Jan.2024

David Young's work highlights the complexities and common misconceptions associated with artificial intelligence and machine learning. Recognizing the need for a deeper understanding of AI, he seeks to demystify its potential applications, striving to develop a fresh interpretation of its capabilities and methods. He believes that beauty and aesthetic experiences can bridge the gap to a more open-minded understanding, helping individuals to reevaluate and deepen their insights into AI's learning mechanisms.

At the core of his practice and a central element in his artwork is the theme of perception. By examining the outputs generated by neural networks, he aims to provide insight into the machine’s learning process, how it learns and behaves, which is different from human perception. Through creating art, Young explores AI's unique 'way of seeing' the world, making the technology's complex processes more accessible and understandable. His work with quantum computing has followed a similar path, aiming to uncover new perspectives of the technology.

Young's journey into the intersection of art and tech began after completing his bachelor’s degree in computer science from the University of California and a master’s in visual studies from the Media Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Initially focusing on design, he began to incorporate AI into his practice around 2016.

David Young: “Although I have been working with AI off and on since the 1980s, I seriously turned my attention to it in 2016. At that time advances in AI -- things like IBM's Watson and Google's DeepDream -- were capturing the public's imagination, and there was a general sense that AI was about to be the next big thing. But it was all still rather abstract, nobody really knew what AI might become, other than sense it was going to be disruptive.

I created a course called "Designing AI," at Parsons School of Design in New York, where I brought together non-technical students from a wide range of backgrounds to see if we could develop a more approachable way to talk about AI. I wanted to find a way to allow more diverse voices to think about what this new technology might be used for. The class was focused on bottom-up, or grassroots, change -- because I didn't have faith that tech companies were going to open themselves up, to bring outside voices in. 

 The course inspired a change in me, too. I realized that if I wanted to make my voice heard in what AI could become, it wasn't going to be by working inside a large company. Instead, I adopted a bottom-up philosophy and took the ideas from the class a step further -- instead of finding non-technical languages to make AI more approachable, I embraced the idea of beauty and aesthetic experiences. Something non-verbal that could make AI more approachable.”

FINDING BEAUTY

David Young, (b38,4016,16), 2018 (from Learning Nature series), Print on paper, Ed. 1/1 + 1AP, Dimensions: 30x30 cm

Between 2018 and 2020, he created a series of works where he emphasized beauty and aesthetics over the corporate values of optimization, efficiency, and consumption. In contrast to the vast sea of data, usually necessary for AI, Young contemplated the idea of beginning on a smaller, more personal level, directly engaging with the technology.

D.Y.: “Modern machine learning systems work because they're trained on vast quantities of data. But that size makes the technology unapproachable -- it's a scale that's hard to imagine. I thought that training the machine using small data sets, in my case sometimes just a handful of images, could give some insights into how the technology worked. I wanted to bring things back to a human-scale, so that we might develop intuitions for what was going on inside the code. And, in doing so, take some power back from the big tech companies.”

In his exploration, he produced many collections with a limited number of photos he personally took. These series include "Winter Woods" (2018-2020), depicting snowy woods; "Bovina, NY" (2018-2019), reflecting the tranquility of upstate New York; "Cloud Canyon" (2019), inspired by the hills of Griffith Park, Los Angeles; "Dandelions" (2020), where he captured the delicate beauty and fragility of the flower; and the well-known "Learning Nature", showcasing other type of flowers (exhibited at Kate Vass Galerie's historical show "Automat und Mensch", 2019). The common thread in each series is the utilization of subjects from nature. 

To create the "Learning Nature" series, the artist employs GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks), a type of AI machine learning technology and he trains the model using his own photographs of flowers. By choosing to photograph subjects on his farm in upstate New York, in Bovina, he intentionally selects these themes to differentiate his work from conventional AI applications and to connect with the region's rich artistic heritage.

David Young, (z12,cr,a), 2018 (from Learning Nature series), Print on paper, Ed. 1/1 + 1AP, Dimensions: 30x30 cm

D.Y.: “I chose nature to emphasize the difference from mainstream AI, which prioritized business outcomes, and the optimization of scale, power, and greed.

I also chose nature because of where I live, in rural upstate New York. It's an area with a rich cultural history. Almost two hundred years ago the Hudson River School used painting to express man’s relationship to nature. I wanted to explore what would it mean for an AI, today, to understand and interpret that same nature.”

He was surprised to see how the AI's learning process mirrored human creativity when he used this data to train the model, experimenting through repetition and struggling at some points. However, the system lacks the capacity for the nuanced understanding needed to complete these fine details. What emerged wasn’t accurate but represented a machine's unique interpretation of the natural world.

The creation of art that does not strictly adhere to accuracy has a long history. Artists from the Dutch Masters to the Hudson River School incorporated elements from various scenes or included multiple natural elements to compose their final images. These images depict something that doesn't exist in the real world but capture their interpretation of the subject.

D.Y.: “As I worked I began to see a connection to 17th and 18th Dutch flower paintings. In those works, there were arrangements that could have never existed -- because the flowers shown would never have been in bloom at the same time. The images generated by my AI had a similarity impossibility, of merged and impossible flowers.”

BIASES OF AI

David Young, (b62j,2796), 2019 (from Tabula Rasa series), Print on paper, Ed. 1/1 + 1 AP, Dimensions: 40x40 cm

In 2019, with the "Tabula Rasa" series, Young explored further the learning mechanisms of machine learning systems and their inherent biases. Despite AI has been around since the 1950s, the artist questioned whether we can fully comprehend its behaviour. 

The series, “Tabula Rasa” draws parallels to philosopher John Locke's idea that human knowledge comes through experience. Locke believed that the mind starts as a "tabula rasa" or blank slate, with knowledge and ideas coming from sensation and reflection. Similarly, Young thinks that AI systems begin with no inherent knowledge and learn through data input—their “sensation”—upon which they “reflect”. However, this data often consists of human biases, reflecting the preconceptions, irrationalities, and emotions of its collectors. This presents a question: if the foundational data is biased, can a machine's rationality be anything but an illusion?

To answer this question, he wanted to create works that minimize bias by using solid colors as the initial training material. He began with a single black image, allowing the machine to learn from this "blank" state. As he introduced a second color, the AI began to reveal its “emotions” and show more complex, almost stress-like behaviours, generating images with new textures, organic shapes, and overlapping grids.

D.Y.: “Tabula Rasa" began as a thought experiment, to see if approaching AI from a radically different perspective might give new insights into how it worked. When I started training the machine on two colors, for example, I thought that it would pretty quickly settle and just create images that were one or the other of the two colors. But instead, these strange patterns emerged. You could see the digital in them -- repeating elements, grid-like textures. But there was also something organic -- strange shapes, curves, blobs. And new colors would appear, colors that weren't in the training data. To me, I felt a tension in the machine as if it were struggling to make sense of what it had been shown. Of course this can be explained technically, but that wasn't what I was looking for. I wanted to find emotional, non-technical, ways to think about AI. I know that the AI is just code running on the machine, but there was a sadness to its struggle. It's very strange to attribute an emotion to something mechanical, but that's what art can do.”

The resulting works draw comparisons to abstract expressionism, especially to works created by artists such as Kenneth Noland, Mark Rothko, and Alberto Burri. This similarity was noted by Artnome, who connected the works to Carl Jung's psychology, specifically the idea of a "collective unconscious" filled with shared archetypes and visual symbols – the opposite interpretation of John Locke's concept. Artnome's observation raises the question of whether machine learning models might possess their own form of a collective unconscious, potentially including archetypes and symbols similar to those in the human psyche.

At the bottom: (b62g,5348), (b67m,1397,1), and (b67h2,2599,1) from Tabula Rasa series by David Young, At the top: Paintings by Kenneth Noland, Agnes Martin and Alberto Burri

D.Y.: “I was drawn to Locke's idea of the blank mind, the "tabula rasa," as that seemed most like what was happening as a neural network was trained. But the strange tensions that appeared in the resulting images had an emotional quality that recalled romanticism -- which itself was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. Might modern AI somehow create work that is in reaction to its underlying technology, its own self?

The question about collective unconscious speaks to whether an AI system can ever achieve consciousness. And if so, what is "mind." If consciousness is emergent, meaning that it is a material trait or function of the brain, then I'd argue there can be no collective unconscious. Just like an AI, the brain starts as a tabula rasa.

 However, if mind is something else, as in the case of mind-body dualism, where the mind exists separate from the body, then collective unconsciousness becomes a possibility. It's a topic that's becoming increasingly important as we talk about AI and AGI. And, interestingly, quantum physics suggests that this dualism might exist. In which case mind might be stranger than we can imagine.

Whatever the case, it's a rich area to explore -- computationally, philosophically, and artistically.”

David Young, A Line is a Pixel Expressing Itself (m b70h,9011,4-20,4,22,11,4,27-c), 2020 (from Manipulations series), Print on paper, Edition of 3, Dimensions: 40x40 cm

DIGITAL THREADS

Young continued his investigations into machine learning in 2020. He began to further process the images generated by AI with his own coding to uncover patterns not immediately visible, aiming to understand their behaviour. His series "Manipulations" (2020) exposes what may be apparent to the learning mechanism but obscured to human observers. He questions what hidden patterns or "irrational logic" might exist within the AI's creations. During this exploration, his artworks began to show textile-like qualities, with strands finely rendered to mimic the look of densely packed fibers or threads. These qualities continued into his later series, such as the "Flag" (2022) series, where he employed the same machine learning techniques and output manipulations to explore themes of democracy, gun violence, and abortion.

Between 2020 and 2022, the artist started to experiment with training the model with actual images of textiles, building upon the textile-like features already evident in his previous series. In the work “Darns” (2020 – 2022), in collaboration with textile artist Susan Yelavich, he investigated the AI's interpretation of Yelavich’s textile works. By selecting and manipulating the learning process, Young examines the machine's partial understanding and highlights the system's imperfect “vision”. Based on these generative images, Yelavich then created physical textile works, stitching the manipulated images to reveal hidden elements and bridge gaps in the model’s learning.

EXPLORING QUANTUM COMPUTER

Young's artistic inquiry extended beyond AI and machine learning to explore the field of quantum computing in 2021, focusing on understanding how this technology works. His interest was piqued by the extraordinary nature of quantum mechanics, which defies the speed of light, potentially presenting a paradigm shift in computational thinking.

He began the project using quantum computers from IBM Quantum to produce outputs that were then processed through his custom code. After multiple iterations of his coding, Young began to find new ways of interpreting the data, aiming to grasp a sense of the underlying quantum phenomena.

David Young, Q 7, 2021 (from Quantum Drawings series), Plotter drawing, Ed. 1/1 + 1 AP, Dimensions: 12x12 inches

D.Y.: “Like AI, quantum computing is an emerging technology that is said to be the next big thing -- the next inevitable technological progression. I started working with it around the time of the NFT boom because all of these things -- AI, NFTs, quantum -- to me, reflected a cultural obsession with the "new," and how these technologies will all eventually become obsolete. In particular, quantum had the potential to almost instantaneously crack the security that is the core of the blockchain and NFTs. So I thought it was an interesting contrast, or tension, between the two.

When I first started working with IBM quantum computers I used code that I found online -- just as I did with AI -- because, again, I wanted to emphasize that technical proficiency should not be a requirement for engaging with new tech. I also did that because quantum is weird. I mean, AI is weird, too. But quantum is a whole other level of weirdness.

And so, once I got some code to run, I took the output data and worked on ways to give it visual form. At first my "Quantum Drawings" were lines, tracing whether the quantum-bit values were correct computations or noise. But as I learned more about quantum -- not just quantum computing, but quantum physics -- I began to see in the data quantum themes such as how, when I examine the value of a quantum bit the universe splits, which is how we have the multiverse. And so the work shifted to a more expressive exploration of what a quantum universe means. It's moved the work from a technological critique to something more philosophical.”

HALLUCINATIONS

At the bottom: ‘People Are Begging to Be Disappointed’ and ‘Mitigating the Risk of Extinction’ from Hallucinations series by David Young. At the top: Paintings by Luigi Russolo and Giacomo Balla

In his latest series from 2023, “Hallucinations” the artist returned to experiment with AI and machine learning, using these technologies to explore the parallels between their promised potential and actual errors, known as "hallucinations". This body of work, which debuted at the Kate Vass Galerie booth at the NOISE Media Art Fair in Istanbul in 2024, reflects on the tech industry's hype and the reality of AI capabilities, drawing titles from quotes by tech leaders such as Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI. 

Similar to his earlier works, he used GANs and trained them with limited training data, prompting the AI to generate less coherent visuals. The artworks feature grids of disconnected pixels manipulated by his custom software, revealing structures and patterns not originally visible.

From an art historical perspective, the lines and dynamism in his work share similarities with Futurism, an early 20th-century movement that celebrated the promises and dynamism of technology. The Futurists emphasized speed, movement, and industrial development, often depicted through bold lines and a sense of motion. However, while Futurism glorified the future and technology, Young's series presents a more critical narrative, questioning the compatibility of AI's actual functionalities with the industry's grand promises.

D.Y.: “There is so much hype around AI right now that we're distracted from the problems of this technology -- its perpetuation of bias and its optimization of existing inequalities. "Hallucinations" is a term -- what I'd call anthropomorphic mysticism -- that distracts us from the fact that the strange outputs from AI systems are nothing more than errors. They reveal the flaws inherent in the technology.

At the same time, the tech industry has outsized beliefs of self-importance, and that AI is going to change the course of humanity. They, too, are hallucinating -- caught up in their own hype. This is why the titles of these works are quotes from tech industry leaders talking about AI.

So my "Hallucination" works are an expression of my frustration with this state of things. I want to highlight that AI isn't perfect, or even, necessarily, inevitable.”

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The Tech the World Has Always Wanted (b10,8,2-m689), 2023 (From Hallucinations series). Print on paper, Ed. 1/1 + 1 AP, Dimensions: 50x50 cm

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

David Young, Designing AI, 2016: https://medium.com/designing-ai/designing-a-i-4d19bbd0c317 

David Young, Little AI, 2018: https://medium.com/@dkyy/little-ai-298fcba0832d

David Young, Tabula Rasa, 2019: https://medium.com/@dkyy/tabula-rasa-b5f846e60859

Artnome, Tabula Rasa - Rethinking The Intelligence Of Machine Minds, 2019: https://www.artnome.com/news/2019/9/17/tabula-rasa-rethinking-the-intelligence-of-machine-minds 

Lindsay Comstock, Pondering the Liminal Space of AI in Art, 2020: https://davidyoung.art/blog/liminal.html

Lindsay Comstock, Translations with Code and Thread, 2022: https://davidyoung.art/blog/echo-chambers.html

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Exploring the Nicolas Schöffer Collection

In the heart of Kalocsa, Hungary, stands the Nicolas Schöffer Collection—a testament to Schöffer's pioneering contributions to kinetic and cybernetic art. This past weekend, we were privileged to visit the museum. In this article, we delve into his journey as represented by the museum’s permanent collection and explore how he fused space, light, time and technology.

Nicolas Schöffer collection

The 20th century marked a technical-scientific revolution. This shift transformed the lives of millions and significantly influenced artists who sought innovative ways to respond to our rapidly evolving world. Nicolas Schöffer engaged with cutting-edge scientific advancements, aiming to illustrate the complexities of the modern world in which we now live.

Nicolas Schöffer Collection, Kalocsa, Hungary / Photo: Kate Vass Galerie

Born on September 6, 1912, in the scenic town of Kalocsa, Hungary, Nicolas Schöffer was exposed to diverse influences early on. His violinist mother encouraged his artistic interest, while his lawyer father gave him practical sensibilities. Despite his artistic tendencies, concerns about the sustainability of an art career led Schöffer to study law in Budapest. However, after his law studies, he followed his heart to the Academy of Fine Arts. By 1936, drawn by the attraction of a broader artistic landscape, he relocated to Paris. While his early works leaned towards expressionism and surrealism, the ‘International Exposition of Art and Technology’ in Paris impacted Schöffer, spurring his interest in melding scientific research with art. This experience reshaped his artistic style, pushing him towards the innovative approach that would define his entire career. From 1947, Schöffer's artistry began to flourish. He pioneered cybernetic sculptures, integrating light, movement, sound, and the progression of time. He was not only a painter but also a sculptor, architect, city planner, art theorist, and experimental artist who consistently pondered art's societal influence and its position therein.

After relocating to Paris, Schöffer frequently visited his hometown. As we learned during our visit, he generously donated a collection—consisting of 40 pieces that represent his oeuvre—to Kalocsa in 1979. Recognizing its significance, the town acquired and renovated the artist's family home, located on Kalocsa's main street, and transformed it into a museum. The museum opened its doors as the 'Schöffer Museum' in November 1980. Lajos Dargay, in collaboration with Schöffer's students and colleagues, curated the first permanent exhibit. Later Dargay assumed the role of overseeing the museum for the next three decades. Since 1994, the museum has undergone several expansions. In the 1990s, the artist's widow, Eléonore de Lavandeyra Schöffer, added a library to the institution, and the museum began hosting temporary exhibitions. In the 2010s, the museum underwent another renovation to meet contemporary museum standards and was renamed the ‘Nicolas Schöffer Collection’.

Nicolas Schöffer, Petit sec, 1970s at Nicolas Schöffer Collection / Photo: Kate Vass Galerie

As we wandered through the museum, the ground floor of the museum features a community space, information desk, museum shop, cafe, and areas for temporary exhibitions. On the upper floor, we found the permanent exhibition displays Schöffer's works, which are organized into three main thematic sections: early space-dynamic pieces, his light-dynamic works, and the time-dynamic artworks.

In the 1940s, Schöffer began creating constructivist spatial sculptures and reliefs, exploring the intricate relationship between space and motion. He conceptualized abstract forms in three-dimensional space. Inspired by the theories of constructivism and Mondrian’s Neoplasticism, he formulated his theory of ‘space-dynamism’ in 1948.

While traditional art focuses on the material, color, light, and their combinations, space-dynamism utilizes these elements as tools to emphasize space. For Schöffer, space became the primary subject of his artistic pursuits. He constructed metal base frames and decorated them with rectangular aluminum and steel sheets, capturing what he termed "spaceergy". The airy design of these sculptures features vast empty spaces that the structure collects in a constructive way. A central aim of these works is to transcend their material constraints. Due to their reflective, flat metal surfaces, the artworks seem to occupy more space than their actual size suggests. These metal components also soften the strictly constructed forms. The play of shadows and reflections allow the surrounding environment to integrate with the sculpture. Although most of these pieces remain stationary, their dynamic nature becomes apparent as we could move around them.

On display were many of these pieces such as ‘Space-Dynamic 19’ or ‘Space-Dynamic 24’. With ‘Petit Sec’, the influence of Mondrian’s Neoplasticism is evident in the color palette use, as the metal plates affixed to the black frame are painted in red, blue, white, and yellow.

In the mid-1950s, Schöffer began a new phase of his artistic journey, experimenting with shadows and light. This exploration led to the creation of his ‘light-dynamic’ objects. By 1957, he began crafting kinetic sculptures decorated with polished plates. These plates, reflecting light, produced a captivating and ever-changing dance of illumination. Schöffer utilized various techniques, such as placing colored papers between the sculpture and its light source, swapping lenses, and altering the direction of the light.

Nicolas Schöffer, Petit lux, 1960s at Nicolas Schöffer Collection / Photo: Kate Vass Galerie

He named these creations the ‘LUX-series’, drawing its name from the unit of luminous emittance ‘lux’. Several pieces from the LUX-series are displayed in the exhibition. While he maintained the structural form of his earlier space-dynamic pieces — crafting horizontal and vertical square profiles — he transitioned from rectangular plates to larger, rounded shapes or gridded metal sheets. He incorporated materials known for their reflective, mirroring, and light-filtering abilities. When illuminated from diverse angles, the different aluminum surfaces project light in all directions, crafting intricate shadow plays. The resulting shadows cast onto the surrounding walls become an essential aspect of the artwork itself.

Schöffer's next endeavor was to unite the effects of light with the relationship between space and time within the same artwork. This led him to explore time, resulting in the development of the ‘time-dynamic’ group of works. It was during this period that Schöffer discovered Norbert Wiener's work on cybernetic principles, which influenced his artistic direction. In 1948 Norbert Wiener published his book ‘Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine’ which revolutionized our understanding of systems, control, and communication across animals, machines, and organizations. Nicolas Schöffer's ‘Chronos-series’ became living embodiments of Wiener's concept. 

As we observed the Chronos-series pieces, we were captivated by how they were cybernetically controlled, driven by electric motors, making even their foundational structures rotate. The small reflective elements affixed to the metal frame operated according to individual motion programs. Their hidden cameras and microphones capture the colors, light, and sound of their surroundings, allowing the sculpture to adjust its movements, light, and sound effects accordingly. These works respond to their external environment. Their behavior mirrors that of living beings, even though they are guided by mathematics rather than biological life.

Not far from the collection, at the city's bus station, stands 'CHRONOS 8' – Hungary's only public cybernetic artwork. This impressive 27-meter-high tower, erected in 1982, operates on a cybernetic program. Hidden microphones relay the traffic noise to an electronic system, which then governs the motors adjusting the movable metal mirrors. As traffic intensifies, these mirrors pulsate in sync with their rhythm. The tower's activities align with the city's pulse: it rests when the city sleeps, awakens as the city stirs, and vibrates in harmony with urban life. Beyond this particular piece, other variations of Chronos-towers have graced cities such as Washington, Montevideo, San Francisco, Bonn, Munich, Paris, Pont-d'Ain, and Lyon. On the comprehensive map, we could locate all the locations of these works.  

Nicolas Schöffer, Chronos 6 (1960s), Chronos 1 (1960s) and Chronos 5 (1960s) at Nicolas Schöffer Collection / Photo: Kate Vass Galerie

Apart from these three main phases in Schöffer's career, the exhibition also showcases other captivating works, highlighting the complexity and diversity of his art.

One of the highlights for us was the piece titled ‘Prism’. Standing in front of its three large mirrors, we found ourselves lost in a labyrinth of reflections. A projected light interacts with a moving sculpture by Schöffer situated behind the work, casting reflections onto the prism. When leaning into the prism, the design immerses viewers in a realm where movement, rhythm, and dual projections combine for a captivating visual experience.

In 'Microtime', Schöffer delved into the neural process of vision, specifically the roughly 30-millisecond gap between light hitting the retina and the brain forming the image. These artworks, open on one side, feature illuminated moving, reflective components positioned against a curved mirrored background. The interplay of light, generated by the motion, speeds up to a point where it looks like a seamless curtain of light at the limit of human perception. Then it drastically slows down, fragmenting into distinct points of light. 

'Varetra' is another significant piece on exhibit. It's a black box with an adjustable backlight. Schöffer added colorful plates into a slot and invited visitors to do the same. We followed his footsteps, inserting colorful plates into a designated slot, managing to create our very own kinetic artwork. Schöffer also donated similar creations to local kindergartens to foster creativity in the younger generation.

Tragically, Schöffer suffered a severe stroke that paralyzed his right hand, halting his capability to create large-scale artworks. Despite this setback, his passion for art never waned, and he continued to explore new forms of expression. He began creating graphics using his left hand. Utalizing the silk screen-printing technique, he produced the so-called ‘Varigraphs’, representing one of the final dimensions of the ‘space - light - time dynamic’. The shapes they form adhere to the golden ratio's harmonious rules. The color selection is precise: pure colors, specifically red, blue, black, and white, and their respective shades.

At the end of the exhibition, we had the opportunity to watch a short film featuring the artist as he delves into his masterpieces, inspirations, and contributions. The film's soundtrack was composed by Nicolas Schöffer himself. Seeing the artist himself elucidate his masterpieces and inspirations felt like the perfect conclusion to our journey through Schöffer's world.

Nicolas Schöffer, Varetra at Nicolas Schöffer Collection / Video: Kate Vass Galerie

Nicolas Schöffer, Microtemps, 1967 at Nicolas Schöffer Collection / Video: Kate Vass Galerie

Nicolas Schöffer, Prism, 1965 at Nicolas Schöffer Collection / Video: Kate Vass Galerie

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Kate Vass on Rethinking Art Collecting - Interview with Kate Vass by thefunnyguys

Kate Vass, founder of Kate Vass Galerie in Zürich, visits with thefunnyguys in an effort to uncover her motivations and vision for this space.

Read the full interview on Le Random

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Manolo Gamboa Naon, Inside, 2019. Courtesy of the artist and owned by Le Random

thefunnyguys: How did you become interested in the intersection of art andtechnology?

Kate Vass: I have always found the relationship between art and tech interesting. Technology has expanded the boundaries of what is possible in art for centuries. Advancements in digital tools and software have enabled artists to create complex and intricate works that would have been impossible to produce with traditional techniques. In 2017, I established Kate Vass Galerie in Zurich, focusing on presenting a generative art program. The following year, the gallery intensified its emphasis on emerging new media.

thefunnyguys: What mission did you have in mind when starting your gallery in 2017?

Kate Vass: It began with an impromptu decision. I’d initially intended to collaborate with a partner whose expertise lay in photography. Our divergent outlooks prevented that from happening, forcing me to choose to move ahead independently.

In due course, I fortuitously stumbled upon a rather unconventional location in Zurich, which resonated with my vision for a gallery that eschews the traditional "white cube" aesthetic. So I made the spontaneous decision to take on the risk and open a gallery independently with the mission to disrupt the conventional way of showcasing art and to place the artist on top.

Before opening the gallery, I had collected art for many years. I got to know the system from the inside-out and I was not happy with how galleries treated artists and collectors. The unfair valuation of work along with lack of transparency in the market, led to many questions.

Talking to many artists, I learned that many were underpaid. By opening Kate Vass Galerie, I wanted to prove that galleries could treat artists fairly with transparency.

thefunnyguys: Why does art and, more specifically, generative art matter? Why dedicate your life to these subjects?

Kate Vass: Contemporary art serves as a conduit through which the multifaceted complexities of our present-day existence, encompassing our social dynamics and economic tribulations, are captured and expressed. As such, it functions as a mirror to gaze into or even a crystal ball that occasionally affords us glimpses into our collective future. Generative art is not a recent phenomenon; in fact, it has a rich history spanning over seven decades.

With advancements in technology and innovation, however, generative art’s accessibility, visibility and affordability have experienced an upswing. This has been aided by the ubiquitous integration of technology in our daily lives.

Against this backdrop, what other artistic tools exist to portray the realities of our time? The answer lies in art made by or with the help of computers and artificial intelligence, as we live in a digital environment and our communication has mostly become digital as well, after the pandemic specifically.

‘Alternatives ‘- solo show by Espen Kluge (Kate Vass Galerie, Zurich, in 2019)

thefunnyguys: Who was the first artist you started working with and how did this happen?

Kate Vass: Based on my collecting experience and photography expertise, the first few shows mainly were focused on photographers from the 60's who had never exhibited in Switzerland.

thefunnyguys: What are you looking for in an artist? How do you decide you want to work with them?

Kate Vass: I read and study books and new things daily. The best knowledge comes from history and books. Only if you know what has been created before can you evaluate what you are looking at. That is also how you determine whether a work is worthy or is just a copy-paste of someone else.

I am always interested in new approaches, concepts and art forms. Those things are rarer nowadays, as the internet can kill any creativity. I always advise artists not to look around too much, as it’s known to erase original ideas by simply being influenced by things you look at or see elsewhere. To answer your question, in any artist I want to see a fresh concept or at least an innovative approach, reflecting on social problems or new technology.

thefunnyguys: When you started your gallery, NFTs had not yet significantly impacted the art world. Did their introduction change the gallerist’s role?

Kate Vass: I don't like to be proud, but Kate Vass Galerie was the first one in the world to introduce and educate NFTs in the physical space. We were the pioneers in displaying an NFT in its physical form in October 2019, during the solo show 'Alternatives' by Espen Kluge. Since 2018 hosted multiple educational sessions around the topic. I also recall arguing in 2017 that in digital contemporary photography, the digital file is the core component to collect. I tried to convince both artists and collectors to sell digital files when it comes to Contemporary Photography instead of prints but it was rather difficult back then.

After 2017, with the introduction of blockchains enabling provable digital scarcity, my belief about collecting digital works of natively digital art only strengthened.

No one needed another traditional photography art gallery and I personally lost any interest to carry on collecting what was shown around. I was fully captivated by science and innovation. Therefore, when the opportunity came, I took a chance on showing something very different, as I wanted to prove to collectors and artists that blockchains would revolutionize the way we think about and collect art.

In 2018, I was approached by a local curator to host another photography show. I said, “No one needs another photography show. If you can help deliver a curated program around blockchain art, I would gladly collaborate with you.” Later that year, in November 2018, I hosted the first blockchain exhibition: Perfect &Priceless, featuring protagonists of this movement. Nicolas Maigret & Maria Roszkowska (Disnovation), John Watkinson (Cryptopunks), Grayson Earle, Rob Myers, Kevin Abosch & Ai Weiwei, Terra 0, Cullen Miller & Gabriel, Dunne César Escudero Andaluz & Martin Nadal, Ed Fornieles, Harm van den Dorpel, Distributed Gallery and Sarah Friend.

 I believe that this show played an important role in educating collectors about new ways of collecting digital art.

I constantly reflected on my preferences and experiences as a collector. I discovered I was bored with art fairs and the repetitive shows around me. I wanted to see and exhibit something fresh, cutting-edge, and revolutionary.

I think the gallery has since hosted some iconic exhibitions, bringing worldwide exposure to generative artists of the past and present.

Rhea Myers artworks at Perfect & Priceless (Kate Vass Galerie, Zurich in 2018)

thefunnyguys: Recently, you released a new venture, called K011. What motivated you to take this step?

Kate Vass: As a gallerist working with tech-savvy artists and collectors, you must adapt the same philosophy and ensure that your service brings additional value to both. I was always looking for 'outside of the box' solutions that can enable collectors and artists to experience cutting-edge fine art in web3.

K011 serves as a specialized art and tech studio, unifying curated art and the power of web3. 0–represented by our name, where ‘K’ stands for ‘Kuration’ (German) and ‘011’ symbolizes the binary code for ‘.3’. We spotlight a dynamic mixture of emerging and established artists, exploring the fascinating fusion of art and tech.

Our mission centers around developing unique technologies that become an integral part of the artistic process, allowing creatives to fully immerse themselves in digital art's innovative potential.

K011 offers various minting techniques to suit the requirements of each artist, whether it’s the sophistication of long-form generative art, contemporary performance art like PAL, or pioneering innovations like ‘0KAI’ that enable AI artists to bring their model specifications to life across entire collections.

thefunnyguys: You have an impressive roster of historically significant generative artists such as Vera Molnár, Charles Csuri and Herbert W. Franke. Why is it important to represent this group of artists in particular?

Kate Vass: History is crucial to understanding the present. Without the background story, it's hard to imagine how digital art is a logical continuation of twentieth-century art movements. It's worth knowing the years new movements formed as well as the political situation or technological inventions of the time. These elements have historically driven artists to create with new tools. Kate Vass Galerie shows predecessors of generative art to supply that context, as well as offers to add value to every modern art collection with pioneers of this movement.

thefunnyguys: In 2019, your gallery was the home of Automat und Mensch, co-curated by Georg Bak and Jason Bailey. What are your reflections on this exhibition four years later?

Kate Vass: Automat und Mensch was a show that covered seventy years of history. It was a first of its kind. The purpose was to show the forerunners and contemporary artists in the same room.

We had Herbert W. Franke, who was still alive at the age of 92, and Robbie Barrat, who was 19. Four years since I still have not seen any shows of its caliber in other galleries. Probably at this point, it’s no longer necessary. The success of art exhibitions is due to the right timing. Timing is the most crucial in any sector.

Iskra Velitchkova and Marcelo Soria-Rodriguez, PAL #5 (still), 2023. Courtesy of the Artist and K011. Owned by Le Random

thefunnyguys: If you could choose one generative artist to work with who is not alive today, who would it be? Why?

Kate Vass: I admire the majority of the pioneers of generative art for their courage, unique perspectives, and passion for how they created art. One of the artists I feel close to is Georg Nees. Nees studied mathematics and physics and is considered a father of generative computer graphics. He was interested in the relationship between disorder and order in picture composition, along with a few other practitioners working then, but Nees is particularly special to me.

His practice was highly influenced by one of the German philosophers and writers of that time-Max Bense whose theories inspired Nees. In one of his works, Schotter (1968-1970) in the collection of V&A Museum, Nees introduced random variables into the computer program, causing the orderly squares to descend into chaos.

It was fascinating, considering the early stage of the computer as a device and the program as a tool to create art. I am happy I have some works by Nees in my collection.

thefunnyguys: Where do you see generative art going in the next few years?

Kate Vass: Many programmers and developers have joined the art market in the last few years to utilize their skills to create and sell their art. With the further development of AI, more tools continue to be introduced to the public.

In 2023 with ChatGPT, it's relatively easy to copy-paste and create sophisticated works if you know how to code. At the same time, the current bear market left no choice but for many to leave the space and go back to their standard routine.

The true artists who were creating art using technology as a tool for decades, however, have been empowered with even more tools. I see plenty of opportunities for them to create great art. We will see the strongest and the most advanced artists stay in this space and they will continue to fascinate us with their new projects.

Georg Nees, Schotter, 1968-1970 (made). Courtesy of the artist. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

thefunnyguys: Do you see any parallels between the invention of photography and the emergence of AI art?

Kate Vass: Several parallels exist between photography and AI art. Photography disrupted traditional artistic practices by capturing and reproducing images with unprecedented accuracy, while AI art challenges the definition of art and its creators, enabling unique creations.

Both technologies have opened up new possibilities for artists, allowing them to create in previously impossible ways and introducing new modes of representation.

Renowned artists like Picasso, Richter, Hockney, and Degas have demonstrated how photography can be a valuable tool and a wellspring of inspiration for traditional art. Just as photography democratized creativity by allowing anyone to capture the world around them, AI art empowers individuals to create art, pushing it into the mainstream despite initial skepticism and criticism.

Photography and AI art are recognized as legitimate art forms, exhibited in galleries and museums worldwide. The convergence of human creativity and technological innovations continues to fuel artistic expression and shape the future of art. My recent series of articles about the ‘History of AI’ includes a dedicated chapter on the history of photography, highlighting its significant impact on the artistic landscape.

thefunnyguys: Art as a mirror of society, how does the current socio-political situation influence art?

Kate Vass: There has been a rise in politically charged art to inspire change and challenge the status quo. Many artists are using their work to comment on social and political issues like racism, police brutality, climate change and immigration.

The ongoing push for diversity and representation is also reflected in art. More underrepresented artists are getting recognition and opportunities to showcase their work with a growing interest in art representing diverse perspectives and experiences.

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift towards digital art and online exhibitions with social media platforms becoming crucial for artists to showcase their work and engage wider audiences. Governments and art institutions have responded to the pandemic's impact on the art industry by providing increased funding and support for artists, including grants, exhibitions and other opportunities.

Finally, the pandemic's significant impact on mental health and well-being is reflected in the art world. Many artists use their work to express their struggles and create a space for others to share their experiences and find solace.

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About the Author

thefunnyguys: is the co-founder and CEO of Le Random where he is in charge of the overall vision and spearheads its acquisitions.

Nicolas Schöffer and the Birth of Cybernetic Art

Nicolas Schöffer was a pioneering figure in cybernetic and kinetic art during the 1950s. Drawing inspiration from Norbert Wiener's cybernetic theories of control and feedback, Schöffer viewed art as more than mere static forms. To him, it was a dynamic, ever-evolving force. He conceptualized an artistic process rich with feedback loops, circular causality, and a fundamental emphasis on movement. In our article, we explore his masterpieces, inspirations, and major contributions.

© schoffergyujtemeny.hu

Nicolas Schöffer, born on September 6, 1912, in the picturesque town of Kalocsa, Hungary, was exposed to diverse influences from a young age. His mother, a violinist, encouraged his artistic interests, while his lawyer father gave him practical values. Despite his growing artistic tendencies, his father's doubts about the sustainability of an art career prompted Schöffer to pursue law in Budapest. He believed that his legal studies sharpened his complex and constructive thinking, qualities he considered essential for the intricate artistry he would later undertake.

After completing his law studies, Schöffer's passion led him to the Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest. By 1936, drawn by the allure of a broader artistic landscape, he relocated to Paris. Looking at his mature works, it's surprising to note his initial attempts at expressionist and surrealist paintings. In Paris, the International Exposition of Art and Technology had a profound influence on him, igniting a passion for intertwining scientific research with art. This experience reshaped his artistic style, setting him on a path of innovation that would define his entire career.

‘CYSP1’ with a ballet dancer © cyberneticzoo.com

Around 1947, Schöffer's artistry began to flourish. He started producing constructivist spatial sculptures and reliefs, grappling with the intricate relationship between space and motion. He conceptualized abstract forms in three-dimensional space, and these ideas influenced his creations on two-dimensional canvases. For Schöffer, the canvas evolved not just as a backdrop, but as a spatial dimension. His progression led him to create relief images, subtle extensions from their foundational surface. The influence of Mondrian's Neoplasticism began to permeate his works, characterized by stark contrasts and a limited yet impactful color palette.

It was during this period when Schöffer encountered Norbert Wiener's work on cybernetic principles, which shifted his artistic concept. Cybernetics was introduced by Norbert Wiener in 1948 through his book, ‘Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.’ This work revolutionized the understanding of systems, control, and communication in animals, machines, and organizations. Nicolas Schöffer's sculptures became living embodiments of Wiener's concepts. Thanks to advancements in science and technology, Schöffer could realize all of his artistic visions.

He created moving, illuminating sculptures and installations that emitted sounds in collaboration with engineers, architects, composers, and dancers. For Schöffer, the viewer's experience was at the heart of his artworks. His unique approach seamlessly melded art, technology, and science, often demanding collaborative efforts. He championed interactive art, allowing viewers to alter and thus co-create the artwork.

Schöffer's artistic career can be divided into three major periods: Spatiodynamism, Luminodynamism and Chronodynamism

Spatiodynamism (1950-1957)

After initially focusing on sculptures designed to be viewed from a primary angle, Schöffer began creating works where every perspective held value. These sculptures had asymmetrical steel frames with colored plates and discs, later substituted with aluminum and steel sheets. These reflective materials enhanced the dynamic quality of the sculptures by mirroring their surroundings, giving them a pronounced presence. While most of these sculptures remained stationary, their dynamic nature became evident as viewers moved around them. However, one particular work would break this stationary mold.

‘LUX 1’, 1959 © Adagp, Paris

In 1956, he introduced ‘CYSP1’, hailed as the first cybernetic sculpture in art history. Unlike his previous stationary pieces, this work was in constant motion. The sculpture's name originates from its cybernetic and spatiodynamic attributes. It showcased impressive mobility, moving freely in all directions and displaying axial and eccentric rotations that animated its 16 shifting, colorful plates. Developed in collaboration with the Philips Company, it was mounted on rollers, with each plate powered by individual motors. Built-in phototubes and a microphone detected changes in color, light, and sound, prompting the sculpture to react. CYSP1 made its debut at Paris's Sarah Bernhardt Theater during a poetry night in 1956. Later that year, at the Avant-garde Art Festival, Maurice Béjart's ballet dancers interacted with CYSP1 at Le Corbusier's Cité Radieuse in Marseille. The sculpture responded to their movements, establishing a unique partnership between humans and machines.

Luminodynamism (1957-1959)

After positioning his sculptures in space, Schöffer became fascinated with the interplay of light upon them. The kinetic sculptures after 1957 showcased polished plates that reflected light, creating a dynamic dance of illumination. This play of light and reflections not only deconstructed the artwork visually but also merged it with its surroundings. The distinction between the piece, its environment, and the observer began to blur. On April 14, 1956, Schöffer introduced this groundbreaking concept to the patent office, and by August 25, 1958, it was officially patented. From this idea, Schöffer developed the theory of Luminodynamism.

An important series during this time was the ‘LUX’ series. While its foundational idea drew parallels with Moholy-Nagy's light-space-modulator, the actual design of Schöffer's sculptures was distinct. These pieces, framed by horizontal and vertical square profiles, also featured attached discs and plates. Hidden motors caused the sculpture and the metal plates to rotate rapidly. Illuminated from various angles, the aluminum reflects light in all directions, creating shadow plays. These were amplified by perforated plates filtering the light while transparent screens captured luminous images within the sculpture itself, making it akin to a shadow theater. The resulting shadows on adjacent walls became an integral component of the artwork itself.

‘Tour Cybernétique’ in Liège, Belgium, 1961 © elephant.art

Chronodynamism (1959-)

Chronodynamism evolved from the earlier concept of Luminodynamism but added the dimension of time. It not only dealt with how light played on objects but also with the dynamic, changing nature of the interaction over time, often using cybernetics and automation. It's a more holistic approach, factoring in the temporal evolution of a work's relationship with its environment.

During this period, Schöffer created cybernetic light towers, the ‘Chronos’ series, which stand as a testament to cybernetics theory. The most accomplished and tallest cybernetic light tower was the "Tour Lumière Cybernetique" a proposal for a 324-meter interactive building in Paris. The design included movable metal plates controlled by a computer, allowing the structure to dynamically respond to light. This grand vision attracted collaboration from ten major French corporations, who developed detailed plans under Schöffer's guidance. The tower’s design is intended to incorporate a complex arrangement of mirrors, rotatable axes powered by electric motors, electronic flashes, headlights, and weather instruments. A spectacular addition of 15 large lights at its top was meant to give the tower an optical height of an astounding two kilometers. It was envisioned as a functional building with amenities like restaurants, TV stations, concert halls, post offices, and shops, serving diverse purposes—from an art space to a weather tower.

The tower project received support from prominent figures such as Charles de Gaulle, Georges Pompidou, André Malraux, and leaders from the Philips company. However, fate intervened; the death of the supporter Pompidou and financial disruptions caused by two oil crises meant the tower remained unrealized. Though the original tower was never built, a smaller version called the ‘Tour Cybernétique’ stands in Liège, Belgium. Subsequent versions appeared in cities including Washington, Montevideo, San Francisco, Bonn, Munich, Paris, Pont-d'Ain, and Lyon. Chronos 8 resides in Schöffer’s hometown in Kalocsa, near the house where he was born. His house now hosts a museum that showcases his artistic practice and primary artworks.

Cybernetic city (1965-)

One of Nicolas Schöffer's most ambitious endeavors was his vision for the ‘Cybernetic City’. In 1965, he was among the founders of the International Group for Prospective Architecture. Their manifesto highlighted the inadequacy of traditional housing and urban structures in addressing modern needs, underlining the importance of forward-thinking urban designs. This mindset propelled Schöffer to create a futuristic city. The ‘Cybernetic City’ stands as a testament to functional design, composed of three interconnected sections overseen by a cybernetic control center. It features designated zones for work and contemplation, while other areas are earmarked for residence and leisure. To him, the city was an extension of sculpture. He envisioned a vertical workspace populated with skyscrapers housing a cybernetic hub, administrative units, universities, and offices. Conversely, living spaces sprawled horizontally. He believed advancements in automation and cybernetics would grant people more leisure time, and hence, catering to recreational needs was important in his city design.

While Schöffer's grand vision was not fully realized, its essence persists, shaping modern perspectives on urban design and art. Tragically, Schöffer's creative journey was cut short by a severe stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body, confining him to a wheelchair. This condition prevented the birth of new large-scale artistic endeavors.

Schöffer's works are showcased in prestigious institutions such as the Centre Pompidou, The Museum of Modern Art, and the Stedelijk Museum. His contributions to cybernetics continue to reflect a harmonious interplay between human creativity and machine intelligence, inspiring new generations of artists.

10 Moments from Generative Art Timeline Chapter 2: The Modern Era 1850-1949 by le random.

The Modern Era! On July 20 at 5 p.m. UTC, Le Random has invited Kate Vass to share insights into 10 Moments from Generative Art Timeline Chapter 2: The Modern Era 1850-1949.

This fantastic panel, moderated by the Le Random team @thefunnyguysNFT, features Peter Bauman @MonkAntonytez, and @DlSPUTED. 🎤

Can't make it to the live event? Don't worry! The space was recorded, and you can catch the full discussion here: ➡️ https://twitter.com/i/spaces/1OyJAVVzbAzxb?s=20

Don't miss this chance to dive into the world of generative art and explore its fascinating history. We decided to feature all the 10 points and add additional ones that we did not have a chance to mention during the live talk.

1.      The Great Exhibition of London Lights Early Spark of the Arts & Crafts Movement (1851)

A watercolour depicting the royal party on the dais under the baldacchino, at the crossing of the Crystal Palace, with Prince Albert standing at the head of the Commissioners, reading their report to the Queen. Source: https://www.rct.uk

-       About the event:

o   The Great Exhibition of London, also known as The Crystal Palace Exhibition, took place in 1851. This was the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century. It was an early spark of the Arts & Crafts Movement, an international trend in the decorative and fine arts that began in Britain and flourished in Europe and North America.

o   The Great Exhibition was organized by Prince Albert and Sir Henry Cole to showcase British industrial technology and culture, but it also ended up featuring works from around the world. It attracted over six million visitors and displayed thousands of objects from various contributors, including manufacturers, companies and individuals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition

o   Exhibition's impact resonated into the art world, foreshadowing the emergence of the Arts & Crafts movement later in the century. This movement was a response to the Industrial Revolution's mechanization and mass production, advocating for a return to handcrafted goods, which they believed held more character and quality. The movement sought to promote craftsmanship, traditional techniques, and the integration of art into everyday life. Led by influential figures such as William Morris, John Ruskin, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement

§  Connection with Art Nouveau (late 19th – early 20th century – France / other variations: Secession – Austria / Jugendstil – Germany / Modernisme – Spain)

·      This movement took some ideas from the Arts & Crafts movement (like the value of good design and craftsmanship), but combined these with more organic forms, often inspired by nature. Unlike Arts & Crafts, Art Nouveau embraced some aspects of industrialization and was more open to using new materials and techniques.

·      Political situation in France (during the style Art Nouveau):

o   Art Nouveau, or 'new art' in French, emerged during a period of significant political stability known as the Belle Époque or 'beautiful era' in France. This period, from the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 to the start of World War I in 1914, was characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity, and technological, scientific, and cultural innovations.

o   Third Republic: France was governed by the Third French Republic during the Art Nouveau period.

o   Colonial Expansion: France was engaged in an era of colonial expansion during this period, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia.

o   Paris as a Cultural Hub: Paris was at the center of the Art Nouveau movement and a vibrant cultural hub during this time.

§  Connection with Bauhaus (1919-1933)

·      The Bauhaus was a school of design in Germany that combined crafts and fine arts. It was founded by architect Walter Gropius who believed in creating a total work of art in which all arts. While the Bauhaus rejected the ornamental aspects of both the Arts & Crafts movement and Art Nouveau, it carried their ideals forward in the idea that design and architecture could and should be used to improve society.

·      Political situation in Germany (also see point 6.):

o   Weimar Republic (1919-1933): The Bauhaus was established just after the end of World War I, during the period of the Weimar Republic. This era was marked by political unrest, economic volatility (including hyperinflation in the early 1920s), and the cultural flowering known as the Weimar Renaissance.

o   The Great Depression (1929): The global economic downturn greatly affected Germany, leading to high unemployment rates and severe economic hardship. These conditions contributed to public disaffection with the Weimar government and the rise of the Nazi party.

o   Rise of the Nazi Party (1933): The Bauhaus was viewed with suspicion by the Nazi regime due to its modernist styles and its international (and thus 'un-German') influences. Increasing pressure from the Nazi regime led to the closure of the Bauhaus school in 1933.

-       Political situation worldwide:

o   1851 was a time of relative peace but increasing global connectivity.

§  British Empire was nearing its height

§  United States was gearing towards a civil war

§  Europe was dealing with the aftermath of the 1848 Revolutions which saw numerous political and social changes.

-       Important innovations:

o   Vibrant era due to the ongoing Industrial Revolution

o   Steam Power and Railways: Steam power had been rapidly developing throughout the first half of the 19th century. By the 1850s, steam-powered railways had started to crisscross countries.

o   Telegraph system: It was also improving and expanding, enabling faster communication across long distances. Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in the 1830s-1840s – Morse system

o   Sewing Machine: It was invented by Elias Howe and improved upon by Isaac Singer, revolutionized the textile industry and home sewing in the 1850s.

o   Iron and Steel Construction: The Industrial Revolution introduced new materials and techniques that greatly influenced architecture. The development of affordable and robust cast iron and steel catalyzed significant advances in construction. (One of the most famous examples is the Crystal Palace itself.)

o   invention of photography took place in the early 19th century in 1827, and by 1851, it was already well-established

-       Other scientific events:

o   1851 saw the publication of Herman Melville's "Moby-Dick"

o   The first issue of the New York Times

-       Iconic artworks:

o   J. M. W. Turner - Rain, Steam, and Speed – The Great Western Railway (1844)

o   Gustave Courbet The Stone Breakers (1849-50)

o   Arts and Craft:

§  William Morris - Wallpaper Designs (1862–1910)

§  William Morris - Red House, 1860

2.      Modern art Begins: Manet’s Work Rejected by Paris Salon (1863) + Cézanne’s Mont Sainte-Victoire Series (1870-1906)

Paul Cézanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Viaduct of the Arc River Valley, 1882-1885 Source: https://drawpaintacademy.com

-        About the event:

-       Manet’s work was rejected:

-       Manet’s innovative approach of painting modern life and his radical style (looser, more gestural style + his focus on modern, urban subject matter) challenged the conventions of academic painting and were deemed too provocative by traditional standards. His famous painting “Le déjeuner sur l'herbe” (The Luncheon on the Grass) was notably rejected by the Salon. The public rejection led to the Salon des Refusés, an exhibition of works rejected by the Salon, where Manet's work was displayed. (Édouard Manet was not strictly an Impressionist painter!)

-       - Cezanne, Mont Sainte Victoire Series:

-       Paul Cézanne’s “Mont Sainte-Victoire” series, painted between 1870 and 1906, were critical in transitioning from 19th-century conception to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century. His work is often described as bridging Impressionism and the development of Cubism.

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       American Civil War (1861-1865): This was one of the most transformative and deadly wars in U.S. history, leading to the abolition of slavery and significant changes in American society and the economy.

-       Unification of Germany (1871): Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, the German states were unified into a single nation, changing the balance of power in Europe.

-       In France – see above (Art Nouveau)

-        Important innovations:

-       Telephone (1876): Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, drastically changing the way people communicate.

-       Phonograph (1877): Thomas Edison invented the phonograph

-       Electric Light Bulb (1879): Another invention of Thomas Edison. It had a huge effect on society, extending the potential for productivity into the darker hours.

-       Automobiles (1885-6): German inventors Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler independently developed what are considered the first practical automobiles.

-       Radio (1895): Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, demonstrated the practical use of radio waves for communication.

-       X-Rays (1895): Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist, discovered X-rays, opening up a new era in medical diagnostics.

-       Airplane (1903): The Wright Brothers made the first successful controlled flight.

-        Other scientific events:

-       Theory of Special Relativity (1905): Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity.

-       The Eiffel Tower, completed in 1889

-        Iconic artworks:

-       Édouard Manet - Olympia (1863)

-       Vincent van Gogh - The Starry Night (1889)

-       Auguste Rodin - The Thinker (1904)

3.      Les Demoiselles d’Avignon by Picasso kicks off Cubism (1907)

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 by Pablo Picasso Source: https://www.pablopicasso.org/avignon.jsp

-        About the event:

-       The painting "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" by Pablo Picasso is widely acknowledged as a landmark in the evolution of modern art. Created in 1907, this work displays a radical departure from traditional painting norms, incorporating multiple perspectives within a single image and introducing elements of African tribal masks, two key characteristics that would later be associated with Cubism.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon

-       Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Influenced by the works of Paul Cézanne, who himself had attempted to break down objects into their geometric constituents. Together, they developed a revolutionary style where objects were analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/cubism

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       Triple Entente Formed: One of the most pivotal political events of 1907 was the formation of the Triple Entente. This was a diplomatic and military alliance between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia

-       Immigration Act of 1907 in the United States: In the United States, the Immigration Act of 1907 was passed. This act represented a growing movement within the United States to place restrictions on immigration, specifically targeting Asians.

-        Important innovations:

-       Color Photography (1907) - The Autochrome Lumière process: the first practical color photography process, was patented in 1903 by the Lumière brothers in France and marketed in 1907.

-       Bakelite (1907): Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first synthetic plastic, made from phenol and formaldehyde.

-       Plastic: Belgian-born American Leo Hendrik Baekeland invented Bakelite in 1907, the first synthetic plastic

-        Other iconic artworks:

-       Gustav Klimt - The Kiss (1907-1908)

-       Henri Matisse – The Blue Nude (Souvenir de Biskra) (1907)

Group IV, The Ten Largest, No. 7, Adulthood (1907) by Hilma af KlintSource: https://www.guggenheim.org

4.      The Ten Biggest, No 7 by Hilma af Klint (1907)

-        About the event:

-       It is a part of a series of paintings by the Swedish artist Hilma af Klint. Created in 1907, this artwork is one of ten large, abstract paintings that trace the different stages of life, from childhood to old age. Klint’s works were colorful, bold, and rich in symbolism, often drawing on spiritual and philosophical concepts. In fact, she was creating abstract paintings several years before Kandinsky, Mondrian, and Malevich, who are traditionally considered the pioneers of European abstract art.

-       Her art was first shown to the public in the 1980s, and it was not until the 21st century that she began to be recognized.

Hilma af Klint led a life devoted to transcendental spiritualism, a religious movement that thrived in literary and artistic circles in Europe and America during the early 20th century. This movement was centered on the belief that communication with spirits was possible, and séances were commonly held to receive messages from the deceased or other spiritual entities. Af Klint's involvement in séances began in her teenage years in 1879.

In 1906, during one such séance when she was 43 years old, the artist claimed to have received a divine commission. She believed that a higher being had tasked her with creating paintings on a transcendental plane, destined to be displayed in a circular temple designed specifically to house them. Over the following nine years, af Klint completed what she called her "great commission," comprising a massive series of 193 works known as The Paintings for the Temple. This collection includes her earliest abstract pieces, as well as the paintings currently showcased in this gallery.

Af Klint intended The Ten Largest, a group of paintings from 1907, to be displayed together, creating what she described as a "beautiful wall covering," just as they are presented here.

5.      Tatlin and Rodchenko Found Constructivism (1915) and Malevich Stages the 0.10 Exhibition with Black Square. (1915)

Aleksandr Rodchenko Composition, 1919. Source: https://www.moma.org

-        About the event:

-       Constructivism:

-       Constructivism was founded in Russia around 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko. They sought to create art that was practical, functional, and accessible to the masses. It also celebrated the advancements of industrialization and embraced modern materials and techniques. Constructivism emphasized the social and political aspects of art. Artists believed that art should serve a greater purpose and contribute to the construction of a new society. It aimed to integrate art into everyday life. They believed that art should be present in all aspects of society, from architecture and design to advertising and propaganda. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)

-       Suprematism:

-       In 1915, Kazimir Malevich, a Russian avant-garde artist, organized the 0.10 Exhibition in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). Malevich and his fellow artists rejected representational art and sought to explore new forms of expression that went beyond depicting the physical world. They aimed to capture the essence of pure artistic creation and transcend the limitations of conventional art forms. At the center of the exhibition stood Malevich's "Black Square," a simple black square painted on a white canvas. This seemingly minimalistic artwork was a revolutionary statement, representing a departure from the objective world and embracing abstraction. Malevich described the "Black Square" as the "zero of form" and saw it as a symbol of the new spiritual and metaphysical possibilities of art.

-       Main differences between the two movements:

-       Constructivism aimed to integrate art with technology and industry, emphasizing practicality, functionality, and social engagement. It was closely associated with the social and political ideals of the Russian Revolution. It aimed to contribute to the construction of a new society

-       Suprematism, on the other hand, focused on the spiritual and metaphysical aspects of art, seeking to transcend the physical world and explore pure forms and colors. It was more focused on the individual artist's exploration of metaphysical and spiritual dimensions

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

-       World War I (1914-1918): The outbreak of World War I in 1914

-       World War I and the Russian Front: In 1914, Russia entered World War I as part of the Allied Powers.

-       Mexican Revolution (1910-1920): The Mexican Revolution was a major armed conflict that took place in Mexico, starting in 1910.

-       Chinese Revolution of 1911: The Chinese Revolution of 1911, also known as the Xinhai Revolution, marked the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.

-       Balkan Wars (1912-1913): The Balkan Wars were a series of conflicts that took place in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe

-        Important innovations:

-       The Assembly Line (1913): Henry Ford installed the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile in Highland Park, Michigan

-       Neon Lighting (1910): Georges Claude, a French engineer, and inventor, developed the neon discharge tube for use in lighting.

-       Stainless Steel (1913): English metallurgist Harry Brearley discovered stainless steel while experimenting with different types of steel for gun barrels.

-        Other scientific events:

-       Theory of General Relativity (1915): Albert Einstein presented his theory of general relativity in 1915, revolutionizing our understanding of gravity and spacetime.

-       Sink of Titanic (1912)

-        Other iconic artworks:

-       Wassily Kandinsky - Composition VII (1913)

-       Marcel Duchamp - Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912)

-       Kazimir Malevich - Black Square (1915)

-       Giacomo Balla - Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (1912)

-       Franz Marc – Blue Horse I (1911)

6.      Walter Gropius Founds Bauhaus (1919)

Gropius drafted the Bauhaus manifesto in 1919. Photo is by Louis Held, taken in 1919. Source: https://www.dezeen.com

-        About the event:

-       In 1919, German architect Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus, a groundbreaking art school in Weimar, Germany. The Bauhaus aimed to bridge the gap between art, craft, and industry, promoting a holistic approach to design and incorporating elements of fine arts, architecture, crafts, and technology. Gropius envisioned the Bauhaus as a place where artists and craftsmen could work together, breaking away from traditional academic hierarchies. The school's philosophy aimed to bring about social and cultural change through design. Artists: Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, László Moholy-Nagy, and Josef Albers. It offered a curriculum that combined theoretical studies, workshops, and practical training, with an emphasis on experimentation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       World War I (1914-1918): World War I continued to be a major political event during this period.

-       Russian Revolution (1917)

-       Treaty of Versailles (1919): The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, in France, marking the official end of World War I.

-        Important innovations:

-       Invention of the Tank (1915): During World War I, the British army introduced the first armored fighting vehicle known as the tank.

-       Technicolor for Film (1916): Technicolor was an important innovation in the film industry that allowed movies to be made in color, rather than just black and white.

-        Other scientific events:

-       Spanish Flu Pandemic (1918-1919): The Spanish Flu pandemic, one of the deadliest pandemics in history, occurred between 1918 and 1919

-        Other iconic artworks:

-       Fountain - Marcel Duchamp (1917)

-       The City - Fernand Léger (1919)

-       Amedeo Modigliani - Women with Red Hair (1917)

7.      Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray Create Rotary Glass Plates (1920) 

-        About the event:

-       Rotary Glass Plates" (also known as "Rotoreliefs") was a collaborative project between Marcel Duchamp and American artist Man Ray. It consisted of a series of small glass discs with abstract designs painted on them. When spun on a phonograph turntable or a device called a "stroboscope," the rotating discs created optical illusions of movement and produced a dynamic visual experience. The collaboration between Duchamp and Man Ray on "Rotary Glass Plates" explored the intersection of art, motion, and technology. Man Ray set up equipment to photograph the initial experiment, but when they turned the machine for the second time, a drive belt broke and caught a piece of the glass, which after glancing off Man Ray's head, shattered into bits.

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       Formation of the League of Nations (1920): The League of Nations was founded in 1920 as an intergovernmental organization aimed at promoting international cooperation and preventing future conflicts.

-       Irish War of Independence (1919-1921): The Irish War of Independence was a guerrilla war fought between Irish republican forces and British forces in Ireland

-       Women's suffrage: In 1920, the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, granting women the right to vote.

-       Prohibition in the United States (1920-1933): The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1919 and enacted in 1920, banned the production, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the country.

-        Important innovations:

-       Commercial Radio Broadcasting: In 1920, the first commercial radio station, KDKA, began broadcasting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

-       Sound-on-Film Technology (1919-20): Lee De Forest's Phonofilm system, Lee De Forest, inventor of the audion tube, filed his first patents on a sound-on-film process, DeForest Phonofilm, which recorded sound directly onto film as parallel lines.

-       The Band-Aid: Earle Dickson, an employee of Johnson & Johnson, invented the band-aid for his wife who often cut herself while cooking.

-       The Hair Dryer: In the early 1920s, the first hand-held hair dryers were introduced to the market.

-        Other iconic artworks:

-       Max Ernst - Murdering Airplane (1920)

-       Piet Mondrian - Lozenge, 1921

8. Gunta Stölzl Named Director of Bauhaus Weaving Workshop (1927)

-        About the event:

-       Gunta Stölzl's appointment as the director of the weaving workshop at the Bauhaus in 1926. Under Stölzl's guidance, the weaving workshop at the Bauhaus underwent significant transformation. She emphasized the importance of experimentation, craftsmanship, and the integration of art and technology. She encouraged her students to experiment with color, texture, and materials, expanding the possibilities of weaving beyond its traditional confines. Stölzl and her team developed new weaving techniques and materials, incorporating synthetic fibers, metallic threads, and experimental textures. She recognized the potential of textiles in architectural and interior design, collaborating with architects to create integrated textile works for functional spaces. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl)

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       Irish Free State Established (1922): Following the Irish War of Independence, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed in 1921, leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922

-       Beer Hall Putsch (1923): The Beer Hall Putsch was an attempted coup in Germany led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in November 1923

-       Dawes Plan (1924): The Dawes Plan was an economic agreement reached in 1924 to address Germany's reparation payments following World War I. The plan aimed to restructure Germany's debt and provide financial assistance, helping stabilize the German economy and facilitating international economic cooperation.

-       General Strike in Britain (1926): In May 1926, a general strike erupted in Britain, involving millions of workers from various industries.

-        Important innovations:

-       Television Broadcasting (1927): In 1927, Philo Farnsworth successfully demonstrated the first fully electronic television system.

-       Antibiotics - Penicillin (1928)

-       Television (1925-27)

-        Other important events:

-       The Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression (1929)

-       The Rise of Fascism: During this period, fascism gained traction in several countries

-        Other iconic artworks:

-       René Magritte, The treachery of Images, 1929

-       Giorgio de Chirico, The Two Masks, 1926

-       Piet Mondrian, Composition with Red Yellow and Blue, 1927

9. Birth of digital computing: Konrad Zuse Completes the Z3 (1941) + ENIAC (1945)

-        About the event:

-       Z3:

-       In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, completed the construction of the Z3, which is widely considered to be the world's first fully functional, programmable, automatic digital computer. The Z3 was an electromechanical computer that used telephone relays to perform calculations. It featured a binary floating-point arithmetic system, which allowed for highly precise computations. The Z3 was completed in Berlin in 1941. It was not considered vital, so it was never put into everyday operation. The original Z3 was destroyed on 21 December 1943 during an Allied bombardment of Berlin. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3_(computer))

-       ENIAC

-       ENIAC was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. There were other computers that had combinations of these features, but the ENIAC had all of them in one computer. It was Turing-complete and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming. Although ENIAC was designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory (which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory, its first program was a study of the feasibility of the thermonuclear weapon. ENIAC was a colossal machine, occupying a large room and weighing about 30 tons. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC )

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       World War II (1939-1945)

-       Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

-       Formation of the United Nations (1945)

-       Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

-        Important innovations:

-       Nuclear / Atomic Bomb (1945)

-       Microwave technology (1945)

-       The Jeep (1941)

-        Other iconic artworks:

-       Pablo Picasso, The Charnel House (1944-45)

-       Edward Hopper, Nighthawks (1942)

-       Jackson Pollock, Mural (1943)

10. Cybernetics Is Born: Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics + Claude Shannon’s "A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” (1948)

-        About the event:

-       Cybernetics:

-       "Cybernetics" is a term coined by mathematician Norbert Wiener in his book "Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (1948). It introduced a new framework for thinking about how systems of all kinds (biological, mechanical, social, etc.) operate and interact. This was a groundbreaking work that influenced a wide range of disciplines, from computer science to biology, engineering, philosophy, and more. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics

-       Theory of Communication:

-       Claude Shannon's landmark paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" was published, which established the foundations of information theory. This paper fundamentally changed our understanding of communication processes and served as the foundation for the digital age. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory

-        Political situation worldwide:

-       Creation of the State of Israel (1948): The Jewish State of Israel was officially declared on May 14, 1948, by David Ben-Gurion

-       Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949): The Soviet Union blocked railway, road, and water access to West Berlin, prompting the United States, United Kingdom, and other Western Allies to establish the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.

-       Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): The United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948

-       Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi (1948): The leader of the Indian Nationalist movement, Mahatma Gandhi, was assassinated on January 30, 1948

-       Election of President Truman (1948): Despite predictions of his defeat, U.S. President Harry S. Truman won re-election

-        Important innovations:

-       The Invention of the Transistor (1947): At Bell Labs, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the transistor, which revolutionized the electronics industry and paved the way for the development of almost all modern electronic devices.

-       The Foundation of Information Theory (1948): Claude Shannon's landmark paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" was published. This paper established the foundations of information theory

-       The Holography Concept (1947): Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor developed the theory of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope.

-        Other iconic artworks:

-       Jackson Pollock, No. 5, (1948)

-       Willem de Kooning, Woman I (1950-1952)

Check out Le Random Timeline for more historical milestones: https://timeline.lerandom.art/#/chapter-2

‘Lope’ by Jenni Pasanen

Introducing Jenni Pasanen, a rising digital artist who is gaining recognition for her innovative fusion of AI with her imagination, crafting dreamy artworks. She has recently unveiled her first long-form AI collection, ‘Lope’ on Kate Vass Galerie’s digital extension, K011.

Jenni Pasanen, a Finnish artist with a background in graphic design, spent 13 years honing her skills in branding and marketing as a designer and animator. Concurrently, Pasanen cultivated her passion for art, holding on to her aspiration to become a full-time artist. This dream started to become a reality in 2020 when she began to explore the realm of cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

Around this time, Pasanen discovered Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and AI art. Intrigued by the limitless creative possibilities offered by these technologies, she began combining AI with digital painting. To Pasanen, art is a deeply personal form of self-expression. Her philosophy embraces the use of AI as a tool as well as a source of inspiration, a muse. She believes that AI allows her to delve into the depths of her imagination and serves as an extension of her creativity.

Throughout her artistic journey, Pasanen has experimented with a myriad of mediums, from acrylic painting and clay sculpting to sewing and animation, and has even dabbled in coding and 3D. Nevertheless, it is to digital painting that she consistently gravitates. Her artistic process is best described as constructing a layered cake. She adds one element atop another, creating a zigzag pattern of creativity. Pasanen primarily uses Photoshop and AI software, such as Artbreeder and Stable Diffusion in her creative process. She takes delight in the element of surprise that emerges from utilizing tools beyond her complete control. The excitement of this unpredictability is intensified as she blends it with her other techniques, which range from 3D to photography.

Pasanen's art is profoundly inspired by the world around her, from minute natural elements like twigs and ants to casual conversations. Her portfolio often showcases fantastical hybrid creatures composed of flower petals, feathers, or smoke, infusing her work with a sense of whimsy and fantasy. 

Lope

'Lope' is Jenni Pasanen's first long-form generative AI collection, an exploration of humans as emotional animals. 'Lope' invites us to consider the interplay between the rational and the emotional, the scripted and the spontaneous. This collection symbolizes the smooth, effortless stride of an animal in the physical world, reflecting the seamless and graceful dance between AI and human imagination. As AI lacks the inherent emotional depth, being bound by programming and data inputs, and human creativity is often confined by personal experiences and cognitive capabilities, 'Lope' invites audiences to free exploration and creative expression, merging human & machine skills.

In this context, 'lope' is a powerful symbol of transcending existing boundaries and embracing curiosity, unlocking new possibilities for the artist herself. Departing from her customary practice of creating digital drawings using Artbreeder, AI, and Photoshop, Jenni embarks on a new chapter characterized by the pursuit of more surprise through an AI system beyond her ordinary control.

The process of creating 'Lope' differs from Pasanen's typical method: usually, she creates AI shapes that she combines with digital painting. However, in this project, she began with digital work, which was then taught to the AI to create a model that produces the final result.

With 'Lope' she feeds these painted canvases into a machine that takes apart every pixel and creates something new from the pieces. Do these works offer a glimpse of past memories appearing through the canvas? Do they represent something new evolving from the old or are they an echo reflecting the artist's identity? Pasanen enjoys challenging common viewpoints with thought-provoking questions.

By adopting the idea of 'Lope' we are inspired to break away from limitations, develop open-mindedness, and engage with the rhythmic flow of creative thinking. This approach paves the way for AI and human imagination to come together.

‘Lope’ is presented as 101 live-generated pieces on https://0kai.k011.com from the 18th of July!

‘Speciesism’ by Obvious Group

We're thrilled to present the latest project from Obvious, the French trio of artists and researchers who made history with the major auction sale of the first work of art using artificial intelligence by Christie's in 2018. These artists have marked a significant turning point in the art market and were named among Forbes' "30 Under 30" list in 2020. On July 18th, they launched their newest project, ‘Speciesism’ on Kate Vass Galerie’s digital extension, K011, as part of our ongoing show ‘Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?’. Let's now delve into the trio’s journey and explore this series with more depth.

Obvious, a pioneering art collective, was established in 2017 by a group of longtime friends and researchers who shared an interest in the creative possibilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Their ambition was to create art that was accessible and understandable to everyone, even to those unfamiliar with technology or not experts in the art field. In essence, they sought to create 'obvious' art, thereby establishing the origin of the collective's name.

Their exploration into the intersection of AI and art was catalyzed by a team member who is an AI researcher. They immediately perceived algorithms as a powerful tool to delve into, giving birth to new, unique, and innovative works. Their belief is that algorithms help us understand human nature and push us to surpass our current levels of creativity. They envision a new level of collaboration between the artist and the tool, a partnership where the human hand and the machine work in harmony to craft new aesthetics.

Obvious began their creative endeavor with the creation of a series of classical portraits using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The result was a collection of eleven artworks known as the ‘Belamy Family’ series. These AI-created portraits, reminiscent of traditional European art, represent aristocrats from various historical periods. Using a dataset of 15,000 human-painted portraits, Obvious brought the fictitious Belamy family to life. This collection was well-received in the art community, and its auction by Christie's brought significant exposure.

This remarkable success enabled Obvious to participate in major exhibitions, including one at the prestigious Hermitage Museum. Each year, the collective releases a new series; after the Belamys, they introduced the ‘Electric Dreams of Ukiyo’ series, followed by a series of African masks in 2020. In 2022, they held their first solo show, '7.1', a series that paid tribute to the seven wonders of the ancient world, inspired by antique texts.

In July 2023, Obvious unveiled its latest work, ‘Speciesism’ on KVG's digital exhibition, K011. This thought-provoking collaboration continues to question the intimate relationship between humans and machines, blurring the lines between traditional art and AI-enabled creativity.

Speciesism

'Speciesism', the latest collection from Obvious, breaks the traditional norms to offer a modern interpretation of our interactions with different intelligent entities, including the rapidly evolving field of machine learning and artificial intelligence. This series invites viewers to question the categorization of intelligent life into distinct classifications, challenging our understanding of other beings, from the exploitation of animals to ensure our food chain, to the ongoing discourse around new forms of intelligence in the machine learning field.

Infused with influences from the aesthetics of Renaissance art while incorporating contemporary concerns, the series provides a powerful commentary on society's classification of intelligence and our intricate relationships with various life forms. One of the most compelling influences comes from the cinematic adaptation of Philip K. Dick’s novel ‘Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?’—the film 'Blade Runner'. In particular, the scene where protagonist Deckard notices android Rachel's emotions serves as a crucial inspiration. This scene marks a pivotal point in Deckard's character development as he begins to empathize with androids—a form of life he has been hunting up until this point.

Mirroring the approach taken in Obvious's earlier 'Belamy Family' series, 'Speciesism' also employs a deep learning process, drawing upon a wide array of historical art references as inputs for the AI system. For Speciesism, the group chose Renaissance frescoes to feed into the machine. The Renaissance period, celebrated for its focus on human emotion, individualism, and exploration of the natural world, provides a parallel to this scene from the film. Just as Renaissance artists were acclaimed for their detailed and humanistic portrayal of subjects, the movie scene represents a broadening of empathy and understanding that we are capable of extending towards those perceived as 'different'. The presence of nude figures in the artwork underscores both vulnerability and sexuality. The raw, authentic exploration of these themes invites us to consider the depths of our acceptance of AI - recognizing it as a form of life that might also possess vulnerabilities and sensuality.

The 'Speciesism' series urges us to confront our fears and excitement regarding AI technologies. While the emergence of a new form of consciousness may seem far off, the series inspires viewers to ponder whether this is an aspiration we hold and how we might interact with this potential new 'entity'.

‘Speciesism’ is presented with 69 live-generated pieces on https://0kai.k011.com from the 18th of July!

Q&A

We would like to feature some Q&A in Obvious most recent interview by K011 Team.

K011: How you first got into making art?

Obvious: Back in 2017, we stumbled upon a research paper on GANs.

We were astonished by their potential to question the limitations of art, and decided to ask this question ourselves by creating a series of classical portraits using these tools.

K011: When did you become aware of Artificial Intelligence as a medium for art?

O: We weren’t aware of AI as a medium of art, until we used it ourselves to such ends.

K011: What would be the main thing which sets you apart from other AI artists?

O: Our approach is conceptual, rather than purely visual. In addition to being a tool for exploring new aesthetics, we see AI as a fascinating society concern.

K011: How would you describe this new collection?

O: Inspired by Blade Runner's scene where Deckard notices Rachel's emotions, the collection reinterprets species interactions through a contemporary take on Renaissance frescoes.

K011: How do rarity traits work?

O: Selecting indoor and outdoor scenes typical in Renaissance frescoes, we added a twist with the CMYK color model for unique tints. Each color and setup blend introduces a different rarity.

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Remembering Desmond Paul Henry: Pioneer of Machine-Generated Art

Today, we commemorate the birthday of the artistic visionary, Desmond Paul Henry (1921-2004), whose pioneering approach to art continues to influence and inspire. An esteemed philosopher and Manchester University lecturer, Henry was at the forefront of the global computer art movement of the 1960s. It was in our historical exhibition, "Automat und Mensch" where we had the honor of showcasing Henry's beautiful machine-generated pieces.

Desmond Paul Henry, #829, 1963, 20 x 25 cm, Unique work on paper, Created with Drawing machine 2

Born on July 5th, 1921, Desmond Paul Henry was a visionary exponent of the synergy between art and technology. He pioneered the concept of using computers for interactive graphic manipulation. His analog computer-derived drawing machines from the 1960s serve as a crucial bridge between the Mechanical Age and the Digital Age.

In 1961, thanks to celebrated artist L.S. Lowry and A. Frape, Henry's career reached new heights when he won first prize in a "London Opportunity" art competition. Lowry, recognizing Henry’s potential, insisted on showcasing his machine drawings at Henry's London solo exhibition, titled “Ideographs”, at the Reid Gallery. Henry's groundbreaking work in machine-generated art caught the attention of the media, landing him a spot on the BBC's North at Six series and drawing interest from the American magazine, Life.

One of Henry’s Drawing Machines Copyright © Desmond Paul Henry 2023

Henry's pieces were featured in various exhibitions during this period, including "Cybernetic Serendipity" held at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London. This exhibition, featuring his interactive Drawing Machine 2, toured the United States, amplifying his international recognition. 

Henry constructed three electro-mechanical drawing machines from modified bombsight analogue computers (a technology primarily used in World War II bombers to calculate the precise release of bombs onto their targets). His drawing machines were not merely functional; they were intricately designed systems that combined gears, belts, cams, and differentials. Each machine took up to six weeks to construct. The resulting drawings, each creating a symphony of lines and curves, could take from two hours to two days to complete. Powering these machines required an external electric source, driving one or two servo motors that coordinated the motions of the suspended drawing implements.

Henry's electromechanical drawing machines embraced the unpredictable beauty born from the "mechanics of chance" like the works of artist Jean Tinguely. However, his creations also allowed for interactivity, allowing for personal and artistic input during the drawing process.

During this period, he created around 800 machine-drawings, each an infinitely varied combination of repetitive single lines forming abstract curves. Some of these works were exhibited in 2019 at the “Automat und Mensch – A History of AI and Generative Art” exhibition at Kate Vass Galerie, along with other historically significant generative artworks.

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Artworks

Happy Birthday to Kjetil Golid!

Celebrating the birthday of artist Kjetil Golid, we take a closer look at his remarkable career in generative art. Hailing from Norway, Kjetil explores algorithms and data structures through captivating visualizations. His projects fuse aesthetic visuals with original algorithms, resulting in mesmerizing and unpredictable outcomes. Kjetil advocates for creative expression through programming, openly sharing his code and even developing user-friendly tools for non-coders to create interactive visuals.

Kjetil Golid, Complex 02, owned by @chomper.eth

One notable exhibition of Kjetil's work took place at Kate Vass Galerie in 2020, featuring him in the "Game of Life - Emergence in Generative Art" exhibition. This show served as a tribute to the late mathematician John Horton Conway, renowned for his influential "Game of Life" concept. His process results in bold works with basket weave-like patterns that resemble graphic pixelated flags or banners. These pieces recall computing origins in the Jacquard loom, a device that employed punch cards to simplify the intricate weaving process of 18th-century textiles. We believe this exhibition marked a turning point in Kjetil's career, subsequently leading to his feature in the New York Times.

Kjetil's artistic journey reached new heights with his “Archetype” drop at Artblocks in 2021. The selected “Archetypes” were showcased at the ZKM Cube as part of the exhibition "CryptoArt It’s Not About Money," alongside other prominent NFT artworks like CryptoPunks and Cryptokitties. “Archetype” explores the use of repetition as a counterweight to unruly, random structures. As every single component looks chaotic alone, the repetition brings along a sense of intentionality, ultimately resulting in a complex, yet satisfying expression. 

Archetype #494 owned by @BobLoukas

Archetype #16 owned by @natemodi

Archetype #207 owned by @curatedxyz

Kjetil's "Iterations" series made its debut at the Phygital show in April 2022 at Kate Vass Galerie. The series explores the interplay between structure and chaos, creating a visual impression of a structure by repeating random layouts of blocks. However, the process intentionally introduces imperfections and mutations to reintroduce an element of chaos. This was the first time when Kjetil accompanied his digital work with unique 1/1 signed fine art prints 120x120cm. 

Iteration III. owned by @MetaversalDAO

Iterations IV. owned by @MetaversalDAO

Among his notable works is "Curvescape VII – Outpost" which adds architectural elements to a previously barren landscape. The scale and nature of these structures remain enigmatic, blending the aesthetics of a free-spirited pencil with the precision of computer-generated imagery.

Kjetil Golid, Curvescape VII - Outpost, 2022

Later at the end of 2022, the beginning of 2023 - Kjetil's "10 EXPANSE" series made a grand entrance during the New Year's Eve auctions. Minted on his own smart contract, the series divides the plane into a grid and transforms each grid cell into cuboids of varying dimensions. The coloration of each cuboid's face is determined by its slant relative to a light source, translating geometric relationships into numerical values mapped to specific locations in the color space.

#7 Seaward owned by @kylo_nft

#4 Tartan owned by @curatedxyz

#9 Hamlet owned by @CozomoMedici

Through his inventive and boundary-pushing artworks, Kjetil Golid continues to captivate audiences with his exploration of algorithms, generative art, and the fascinating interplay between structure and chaos.

To read more about the artist and see the full portfolio of his works HERE.

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More Projects

Hippodrome, 2019

The project

Paper Armada, 2021

The project

Bazaar and Aula, 2021

The Project

ORBIFOLD, 2023

The Project

History of AI - The new tools: ChatGPT

Ruby Chen

In recent months, the development of new AI tools has made it clear that AI has become a part of our everyday lives and is no longer restricted to the realm of research centers and tech companies. AI has gradually become a technology that businesses and individuals can use to transform the way they work and live.  In our previous article, we presented the history of AI, which was first introduced in 1956 at the historical Dartmouth Conference. Now, we are excited to bring you the latest tools that showcase what AI is capable of today.

Let's start with last year's biggest AI sensation: ChatGPT. It is a language model developed by OpenAI. It was created to generate human-like responses to natural language and to assist in various tasks. The development started with the creation of its predecessor, GPT-1, in 2018. Since then, the San Francisco-based artificial intelligence company has been working to improve its language generation capabilities through iterative training on large datasets of text. Developers have been feeding the system large amounts of text, such as books, articles, and websites, and using this data to teach it patterns to generate coherent responses.

The technology

When OpenAI launched ChatGPT at the end of November 2022, they were not prepared for the huge interest it would quickly gain. However, most of the technology behind ChatGPT is not new. It is based on a technology called neural networks, designed to simulate the way the human brain works. It processes information through interconnected nodes that identify patterns and relationships in data. Neural networks date back to the 1950s, but the specific neural network architecture that ChatGPT uses, called a transformer, was developed in 2017 by Google. It quickly became a popular solution for language translation and text summarization, using a self-attention mechanism, which allows the model to focus on different parts of a text.

Another important technology is “transfer learning,” which is a type of machine learning technique where the developers reuse a pre-trained model as the starting point for a new task. While the concept of transfer learning has been around since the 1970s, it has significantly developed in recent years. It allows ChatGPT to be trained on many texts and then fine-tuned on generating chat responses or answering questions.

“Reinforcement learning” is another key component of ChatGPT. Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns through trial and error by receiving feedback from its environment.

The secret of ChatGPT's success lies not in inventing all these technologies, but in combining and scaling existing ones. By using techniques such as transfer learning, reinforcement learning and the neural network architecture, ChatGPT has been able to create a language model that can generate human-like responses.

The Story of Chatbots

The history of chatbots goes back decades ago. One of the earliest chatbots was called ELIZA, which was developed in the mid-1960s by Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT. ELIZA was a program that simulated conversation by using pattern matching and a set of predefined responses. It was designed to mimic the conversational style of a psychotherapist and was used as a tool for studying human-machine communication.

In the 1970s and 1980s, chatbots began to be used in a variety of applications, including customer service, information retrieval, and entertainment. One popular chatbot during this time was called Parry, which was developed by Kenneth Colby in the 1970s. Parry was designed to simulate a patient with paranoid schizophrenia and was used as a tool for studying the human perception of mental illness.

In the 1990s, with the rise of the internet, chatbots became more widely used for online customer service and support. One notable chatbot during this time was ALICE, which was developed by Richard Wallace in the mid-1990s. ALICE was designed to simulate conversation with a human user and was used in customer service and information retrieval.

Overall, early forms of chatbots were developed and used for a variety of applications, including studying human-machine communication, simulating mental illness, and providing online customer service and support. The development of chatbots has paved the way for more advanced language models like ChatGPT, and I look forward to seeing how this technology will continue to evolve in the future.

The road to mainstream popularity

After the release of GPT-1 in 2018, OpenAI introduced the next model, GPT-2 in 2019, which was trained on even larger text data than its predecessor. It was capable of generating high-quality human-like text, such as news, stories, or even computer code. It quickly received a lot of attention from various industries and researchers. In 2020, OpenAI released GPT-3, which had amazing capabilities in generating coherent text and performed well in answering questions, summarising and translating. GPT-3.5 was built on this model in mid-2021 by further improving it. It also included new features such as generating texts based on specific scenarios and preventing the repetition of phrases. In May 2022, InstructGPT was introduced, which is a variation of the GPT series. It was designed to be more controllable, allowing users to provide more specific instructions. Users could guide the model by suggesting possible paths for it to follow.

OpenAI headquarters, Pioneer Building, San Francisco

While all these models were available on the company's website for developers to integrate into their own software, they did not gain mainstream popularity. However, this has changed with the emergence of ChatGPT in November 2022, which is based on the GPT-3.5 architecture and has already been adopted by millions of users.

We might ask: why did ChatGPT become the most talked-about AI model? It was one of the first AI models that were made publicly accessible and understandable to non-experts. It mimics human conversation and generates outputs in a way that humans understand and communicate. In other words, it aligns with what a human wants from a conversation AI: helpful and truthful responses, an easily accessible chat interface, and the ability to ask follow-up questions if necessary.

Users have found a variety of ways to use the model, such as creating resignation letters, answering test questions, writing poetry, or even seeking life advice. In many ways, ChatGPT can be a „virtual best friend” who can help you in many situations and even show empathy.

The limitations

ChatGPT's popularity has made it a target for users attempting to exploit its flaws. Some of these users have discovered that ChatGPT can generate unwanted outputs. OpenAI has taken action to address this issue by using adversarial training to prevent users from tricking the model into producing harmful or incorrect responses. The training involved multiple chatbots against each other, with one chatbot trying to generate a text that will force another chatbot to produce unwanted responses. The successful attacks are added to the training data so that the model can learn to ignore them.

ChatGPT also has other limitations, that could be improved. Like any other language model, Chat GPT can contain biases and stereotypes that may be offensive to specific individuals. It also has limited knowledge of events that happened after September 2021, and it is not able to answer questions about specific topics or new developments in a particular field. It may also have difficulty understanding context, especially carcasm, and humor. If the user uses sarcasm in their message, the model sometimes fails to understand the meaning of that and responds incorrectly. Even though ChatGPT can generate empathetic responses, it cannot provide truly empathetic responses in all situations.

ChatGPT-4 and the future

OpenAI has updated the system several times since its launch. The latest update occurred on the 14th of March 2023, when ChatGPT-4 was released. This latest version is capable of solving even more complex problems, better understanding and reasoning about the context of conversations and generating even more human-like responses quickly and accurately. In addition to improving its capabilities, the developers have also made it a priority to enhance its safety, making it less likely to provide harmful or incorrect answers.

In addition to its popularity among users, many big companies noticed ChatGPT capability. OpenAI has recently partnered with Microsoft and global management consulting firm Bain, known for their marketing campaigns for major companies like Coca-Cola. This partnership will allow these companies to integrate ChatGPT's language capabilities into their own products and services, further expanding the model's impact.

ChatGPT as an artistic practice

GPT chat can be used for artistic purposes in a variety of ways. As a language model, GPT chat can generate text in response to prompts or questions, and this can be used by artists to inspire their creative work.

Here are some ways in which people can use GPT chat for artistic purposes:

1. Writing prompts: GPT chat can be used to generate writing prompts for artists. They can provide a topic or theme, and GPT chat can generate a variety of prompts that can help the artist explore the topic from different angles. These prompts can inspire poetry, short stories, or other forms of written work.

2. Collaborative storytelling: GPT chat can be used to collaborate with others to create a story. Artists can start by providing a prompt or a beginning of a story, and then invite others to add to the story by typing in their responses. As the story progresses, GPT chat can use the information provided by the collaborators to generate the next part of the story.

3. Dialogue writing: GPT chat can be used to generate dialogues between characters. Artists can provide the context of the conversation, the personalities of the characters, and the tone of the conversation. GPT chat can then generate a dialogue that fits the context, personalities, and tone.

4. Character creation: GPT chat can be used to create unique characters for an artwork. Artists can describe the physical appearance, personality traits, and backstory of the character, and GPT chat can generate a detailed description of the character. This can help artists visualize the character and bring them to life in their artwork.

5. Poetry generation: GPT chat can be used to generate poetry in response to a given prompt. Artists can provide a theme or a set of keywords, and GPT chat can use its language generation capabilities to produce a poem that fits the theme or keywords.

Chat GPT can be combined with the tool, called ‘Mid-journey’, for example. Various AI tools can be linked to their potential to help artists and creatives in their work. While Chat GPT can generate text-based prompts, dialogues, and character descriptions that can inspire creative work, Mid-journey AI can analyze the performance of existing artworks and identify opportunities to improve them. Combining the two tools, artists can use Chat GPT to generate prompts and ideas for new artworks, and then use Mid-journey AI to analyze the performance of those artworks and make data-driven decisions to optimize them. Ultimately, by using these tools in tandem, artists can leverage the power of AI to enhance their creative process and create more successful artworks. With the continued development of AI and machine learning technologies, GPT chat is likely to become even more advanced and valuable for artistic purposes in the future.

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“METAMORPHOSES" BY MISS AL SIMPSON - 100 ITERATIONS 31/05

Miss AL Simpson, an award-winning crypto artist, has been at the forefront of the web3 movement since 2018. Renowned for her distinctive style, she seamlessly merges digital graffiti with animated 3D historical motifs. Notably, AL Simpson has embarked on pioneering AI collaborations that push the boundaries of traditional art paradigms. By embracing the potential of artificial intelligence as a creative partner, she redefines the future of crypto art. 

As part of the curated group exhibition "Do Androids Dream About Electric Sheep?" by Kate Vass Galerie, opening on 31/05, Miss AL Simpson presents her first AI long-form project ", Metamorphoses." This series comprises 100 unique live-generated iterations and serves as the beginning of the ongoing show. Drawing inspiration from the epic poem "Metamorphoses" by the Roman poet Ovid, Miss AL Simpson embarks on a novel approach for a long-form project. The mythological tales within Ovid's work explore themes of transformation, encompassing love, desire, power, and social and political climate, often incorporating themes of transformation and change that mirror the turbulence of our current society.

Miss AL Simpson's rendition of "Metamorphoses" is a timeless and enduring series of works. Ovid's "Metamorphoses" has profoundly influenced Western literature and art for centuries. Miss AL Simpson draws upon these timeless stories to explore the complex relationship between AI and humanity. For instance, in the tale of Narcissus, who becomes transfixed by his reflection, Simpson finds a parallel to humans fixating on the output of AI, perceiving it as conscious and relatable rather than recognizing it as the product of an algorithm. With masterful skill, she adapts the themes of transformation and the interplay between the human and AI realms, resonating with contemporary audiences. Leveraging the capabilities of 0KAI, Miss AL Simpson develops her concept by employing prompts and a combination of traits and rarities, blending the poems with her earlier analogue artwork from 2018 to create a beautiful body of work. 

"Metamorphoses" will be presented as a Dutch auction on May 31, 2023, at 8 pm (CET) on https://0kai.k011.com, offering art enthusiasts an opportunity to engage with and acquire this remarkable collection.

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This series of works are about the "AI commodification of consciousness" as a future concern within the context of the past through Ovid’s “ Metamorphoses”.

Written by Miss AL Simpson

ART PRACTICE - COMMODIFICATION

My artistic practice has always questioned the issue of COMMODIFICATION. Commodification is the transformation of goods, services, ideas, and people into commodities or objects of trade. I have particularly been intrigued, to-date, by the commodification of women within advertising and the COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS.

In the context of fashion magazines, women (their images, personalities, and stories) are often commodified, particularly through advertising. In many fashion magazines, the presentation of women often conforms to conventional beauty standards and societal expectations. The images, articles, and advertisements typically emphasize physical appearance, style, and consumer goods, implicitly suggesting that women should strive to achieve these standards and lifestyles. This depiction can commodify women by reducing their value to their physical appearance and consumption habits, and by promoting a specific, often unattainable, ideal of femininity. This commodification process is not just about selling products; it also sells an image, a lifestyle, and a specific set of values. Advertisers use these techniques to create a desire for their products, linking them to the attainment of the promoted ideals.

My practice (pre-AI) was always about ripping up this commodification, sometimes literally, through ripping up the magazines into collage. Sometimes by using ink, textures and paint to obliterate the fashion magazine advert completely. This was done both in an analogue and digital way. This method can be seen in a lot of my pre-AI artworks. IN this way, I have also always explored the issue of transformation. 

This is one aspect of the commodification of consciousness but what is interesting is whether tokenizing NFTs is another aspect of the commodification  of consciousness too. In terms of the commodification of consciousness, if we interpret consciousness broadly to include the creative and intellectual output of an individual, then the creation of NFTs based on our artistic ideas and execution could be seen as a form of commodifying consciousness. Each NFT is a tokenized version of an artistic idea, and the sale of these tokens effectively turns those ideas into commodities.

THIS PROJECT

As you can see, there is a connection with this project and my practice. Also, I like the fact that I am literally feeding my old cryptoart images (based on a similar theme) into the machine to generate new AI images.

As an artist who has explored the concept of “COMMODIFICATON” for the whole of my practice, it seemed like a natural progression to look, with a kind of futurism, to how COMMODIFICATION might look down the line. With the rapid growth of AI, I was intrigued by the concept of AI COMMODIFICATION OF CONSCIOUSNESS, both for its mystery but also for what it might mean for  humans. I thought that it might be interesting to explore this transformative idea by looking at past mythology through the eyes of Ovid’s ‘Metamorphoses” which is all about transformation.

The AI Commodification of Consciousness refers to the idea of artificial intelligence technologies being developed to a point where they can replicate, simulate, or even surpass human consciousness, with this capacity being bought, sold, and traded as a commodity. This raises a host of ethical, philosophical, and socio-economic questions, including the nature and value of consciousness, the ethical treatment of artificial entities, and the potential consequences of creating and distributing such technology.

"Metamorphoses" is a Latin narrative poem by the Roman poet Ovid, completed in 8 CE. It is an epic exploration of transformation and change in mythology, ranging from the creation of the world to the deification of Julius Caesar.

With this project “Metamorphose”, I have brought together all three aspects into one:

1.     Commodification

2.     Transformation

3.     Relating the other two concepts to a future where AI and Humans work hard find out what that means for our Consciousness.

I wanted to keep some reference to my early roots of exploration of this field so there is an AI interpretation of ripped Vogue magazine textures and dripping black ink. However, are the figures Greek figures from Ovid or are they future AI metaphors? That is for the viewer to decide.

DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

1.     Pygmalion and the Statue (Book X): Pygmalion sculpts a woman out of ivory that is so beautiful and lifelike he falls in love with it. He prays to Venus to bring the statue to life, and his wish is granted. This story relates to AI in that we are creating something artificial (the statue/AI), that could become 'alive' in a metaphorical sense (consciousness). It brings up questions about the creation of artificial life and love for the artificial.

2.     Daedalus and Icarus (Book VIII): Daedalus, a skilled craftsman, creates wings for himself and his son Icarus to escape from Crete. Icarus flies too close to the sun, melting his wings and causing him to fall into the sea and drown. This story brings up themes of human hubris, the misuse of technology, and unintended consequences, all of which are relevant to AI development. 

3.     Echo and Narcissus (Book III): As I detailed in the previous responses, this tale's themes of self-love, replication, and the inability to return love can all be related to AI commodification of consciousness.

4.     Tiresias (Book III): Tiresias was transformed from a man into a woman, and then back into a man. This could be used to discuss the fluidity and transformation of identity, a relevant theme when considering how AI might assume various roles and identities. 

5.     Arachne and Minerva (Book VI): Arachne, a skilled mortal weaver, challenges the goddess Minerva to a weaving contest. Despite Arachne's undeniable skill, Minerva transforms her into a spider for her hubris. This tale could be related to AI, questioning how far we can push our technological 'weaving' before we incur unforeseen consequences.

NARCISSUS AND ECHO

In the story of Narcissus and Echo from Ovid's "Metamorphoses", a critical moment and line that encapsulates the tragedy of Narcissus is:

"quis fallere possit amantem?"

This line translates to "Who could deceive a lover?"

This line comes from the following context in Book III (lines 339-510), where Narcissus sees his own reflection in the pool and falls in love with it, not realizing it's his own image:

"stupet ipse videnti, seque probat, nitidisque comis, lucidus et ore. qui simul adspexit, simul et notavit amantem; quodque videt, cupit, et, quae petit, ipse recusat, atque eadem adspiciens perituraque desiderat ora, ignarusque sui est. incenditque notando, utque sitim, quae non sitiat, bibendo movet.

. . .

manibusque sua pectora pellit, et illas rubet ire vias, et rubet ire vias, tactaque tangit humum lacrimis madefacta suis. . . . quis fallere possit amantem?"

Translated, these lines convey:

"He wonders at himself, and stirs the water, and the same form appears again. He does not know what he sees, but what he sees kindles his delight. He sees himself in vain, and thinks what he sees to be nothing. He himself is the object that he burns for, and so he both kindles and burns in his desire.

. . .

He struck his naked body with hands not strong for the purpose. His chest reddened when struck, as apples are wont to become, or as the purple surface of a grape, when it is pressed with the finger, before it is ripe for the table. . . Who could deceive a lover?

In the line "quis fallere possit amantem?", Narcissus is so consumed with his own image that he fails to recognize the deception – the lover he sees is himself. It demonstrates the destructive power of self-love and obsession, and could be related to AI in the sense of our societal narcissism and infatuation with our own technological prowess, to the point that we might fail to perceive the pitfalls and risks of creating machines that mimic or surpass our own cognitive abilities.

PYGMALION AND GALATEA

The key Latin line from Ovid's "Metamorphoses" that encapsulates the moment of transformation when Pygmalion's ivory statue (later known as Galatea) becomes a living woman is as follows:

"corpus erat!" 

This line translates to "It was a body!"

This short exclamation is found in Book X, line 243. The full context is as follows (lines 238-243):

"oscula dat reddique putat loquiturque salutatque, et credit tactis digitos insidere membris, et metuit, pressos veniat ne livor in artus, et modo blanditias adhibet, modo grata puellis munera fert illi, conchas teretesque lapillos et volucres et mille modis pictas anseris alas."

Translated, these lines convey:

"He gives it kisses and thinks they are returned; he speaks to it; he holds it, and imagines that his fingers sink into the flesh; and is afraid lest bruises appear on the limbs by his pressure. Now he brings presents to it, such as are pleasing to girls; shells, and pebbles, and the feathers of birds, and presents of amber."

The sentence "corpus erat!" (line 243) comes after these lines, and it is the moment when Pygmalion realizes that the statue has transformed into a living woman. He can feel warm flesh instead of the cold ivory he had sculpted, marking the incredible transformation from inanimate object to living being. It is this moment that relates most strongly to the concept of artificial intelligence, particularly the point at which AI might become indistinguishable from human consciousness.

DAEDALUS AND ICARUS

The story of Daedalus and Icarus in Ovid's "Metamorphoses" provides one of the most iconic cautionary tales in literature. Here's a key Latin line from the tale found in Book VIII:

"ignarus sua se quem portet esse parentem."

Roughly translated, it means "unaware that he is carrying his own downfall."

The line comes from the following larger context (lines 183-235), where Daedalus warns his son, Icarus, about the dangers of their flight:

"medio tutissimus ibis. neu te spectatam levis Aurora Booten aut Hesperum caelo videas currens olivum: temperiem laudem dixit. simul instruit usum, quale sit iter facias monstrat, motusque doceri.

. . .

ignarus sua se quem portet esse parentem."

Translated, these lines convey:

"You will go most safely in the middle. Lest the downy Bootes, seen by you, or Helice with her son, or Orion with his arms covered with bronze, draw you away, take your way where I lead; I command you! We go between the sword and the late-setting constellation of the Plough. Look not down, nor summon the constellations that lie beneath the earth, behind you; but direct your face to mine, and where I lead, let there be your way. I give you to these to be taken care of; and, although I am anxious for my own safety, my chief concern is for you, which doubles my fear. If, as I order, you control your course, both seas will be light to me. While he gives him advice, and fits the wings on his timid shoulders, the old man's cheeks are wet, and his hands tremble. He gives his son a kiss, one never to be repeated, and, raising himself upon his wings, he flies in advance, and is anxious for his companion, just as the bird, which has left her nest in the top of a tree, teaches her tender brood to fly, and urges them out with her wings. He bids him follow, and directs his own wings and looks back upon those of his son. Some angler, catching fish with a quivering rod, or a shepherd leaning on his staff, or a ploughman at his plough-handle, when he sees them, stunned, might take them for Gods, who can cleave the air with wings. And now Samos, sacred to Juno, lay at the left (Delos and Paros were left behind), Lebynthos, and Calymne, rich in honey, upon the right hand, when the boy began to rejoice in his daring flight, and leaving his guide, drawn by desire for the heavens, soared higher. His nearness to the devouring Sun softened the fragrant wax that held the wings: and the wax melted: he shook his bare arms, and lacking oarage waved them in vain in the empty air. His face shouting 'Father, father!' fell into the sea, which from him is called the Icarian. But the unlucky father, not a father, said, 'Icarus, where are you? In what place shall I seek you, Icarus?' 'Icarus' he called again. Then he saw the feathers on the waves, and cursed his arts, and buried the body in a tomb, and the island was called by the name of his buried child."

In the line "ignarus sua se quem portet esse parentem," Daedalus is unaware that he carries his own sorrow, or his own downfall. This is a poignant moment, highlighting the tragic nature of technological overreach, which is a highly relevant theme when discussing the potential risks and dangers associated with artificial intelligence.

ARACHNE AND MINERVA

In the tale of Arachne and Minerva (also known as Athena) from Ovid's "Metamorphoses", a significant line that illustrates the central conflict and subsequent transformation is:

"mutatque truces voltus et inpendit Arachnen."

This translates to "She changes her savage expression, and attacks Arachne."

This line is found within the following larger context in Book VI (lines 1-145), where Arachne, a mortal weaver, dares to challenge the goddess Minerva to a weaving contest:

"quod tamen ut fieret, Pallas sua tela removit, quaeque rudis fecerat, laesaque stamina vellis corripuit virgaque truces acuit iras, mutatque truces voltus et inpendit Arachnen."

Translated, these lines convey:

"However, so that it might be done, Pallas removed her own web, and the threads that the unskilled woman had made, and had spoiled with her fleece; and she struck Arachne's impudent head with her hard boxwood shuttle, and attacked her with it. And Arachne was afraid, and she grew pale."

Following this, Minerva turns Arachne into a spider for her hubris, forcing her to weave for all eternity. This story is a cautionary tale about the consequences of challenging the gods, or in a broader sense, transgressing natural or established boundaries.

When applying this to AI, it could be interpreted as a warning about the potential dangers of challenging the natural order with our technological creations. Just as Arachne faced consequences for her hubris in challenging a god, we may face unforeseen consequences in our pursuit of creating machines that mirror or even surpass human intelligence. The transformation of Arachne into a spider can symbolize the transformation of society and individuals through the advent of artificial intelligence.

TIRESIEAS

In the story of Tiresias in Ovid's "Metamorphoses", a key Latin line that captures his transformation from man to woman and back to man again is:

 "Corpora Cecropius rursus nova fecit in artus."

This line translates to "Again he made new bodies with his Cecropian hands."

This line comes from the larger context in Book III (lines 316-338), where Tiresias experiences his unique transformations:

"... si qua est fiducia vero, tu mihi, qui volucres oras mutaris in illas quas petis, et gemino reparas te corpore, Tiresia, dic' ait 'o, melior, cum femina sis, an auctor cum sit amor nostri?' Tiresias 'quamquam est mihi cognitus error,' dixit 'et ante oculos, ut eram, non semper adesse, nec male Cecropias inter celeberrima matres versatus, septemque annos effecerat illa. octavo, ad veterem silvis rediere figuram, et cecidere nova forma pro parte virili. saepe, puer, plena vitam sine femina duxi, saepe meis adopertus genitalibus ignes persensi, multoque tui tunc artior ignis. corpora Cecropius rursus nova fecit in artus, omnibus ut feminae cessissent partibus illi; tuque, puer, neque enim est dubium, tibi magis uror.' "

Translated, these lines convey:

" ... if there is any confidence in the truth, you tell me, who transform the wings that you seek into those that you have, and repair yourself with a double body, Tiresias, whether, when you are a woman, or when the author of our love is, is better. Tiresias replied, 'Although I am known to be mistaken, and not always to be before my eyes, as I was, nor to be badly among the most famous mothers of Cecropia, and that woman had completed seven years. In the eighth year, they returned to their old figure in the woods, and their new shape fell away in the male part. Often, boy, I have lived a life without a woman, often I have felt fires covered by my genitals, and your fire is then much tighter. Again he made new bodies with his Cecropian hands, until all parts of that woman had given way to him; and you, boy, for there is no doubt, I burn for you more.' "

Tiresias, having lived as both a man and a woman, is asked by Jupiter and Juno to settle a dispute over which gender derives more pleasure from love. His unique experience of transformation and identity can be related to AI in terms of how artificial intelligence can assume various roles and identities, providing unique insights that may not be accessible to humans. This can open up discussions about the fluidity and adaptability of AI, and its ability to take on diverse perspectives and functions.

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MORPHING BEYOND THE SURFACE: THE ART OF NANCY BURSON'S DIGITAL PORTRAITURE

Nancy Burson is an American artist and photographer born in 1948. She is best known for her pioneering work in computer morphing technology and is considered to be the first artist to apply digital technology to the genre of photographic portraiture. Utilizing the morphing effects she developed while she was at MIT, Burson has incorporated these techniques in various ways throughout her career including age-enhancing techniques, the creation of composite portraits, and the development of race-related works. Many people may recognize some of her creations, even if they aren’t familiar with her name. Some of her most recognizable works include the digitally morphed “Trump/Putin” on the cover of Time magazine, and the updates of missing children's portraits on milk cartons.

We can see her art in museums and galleries such as the MoMA, Metropolitan Museum, Whitney Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Center Pompidou in Paris, the LA County Museum of Art, and the Getty Museum among others. She was a visiting professor at Harvard and a member of the adjunct photography faculty at NYU for five years.

In this article, we will focus on Burson's morphing technique, presenting how she used this technology in different ways throughout her career. We will showcase her works and discuss why her art is important in the history of digital art and portrait photography. This article will include an exclusive interview with Nancy Burson herself. Burson shares her inspirations and the creative process behind her work, as well as discusses her past and personal reflections on her art with Kate Vass.

Nancy Burson, Original Morphing Grid, 1981, Drawing

Morphing technology

Motion pictures and animations often use morphing techniques to create a seamless transition between two images. It is a geometric interpolation technique that has been around for a long time, with traditional methods like tabula scalata and mechanical transformations. Besides these techniques, probably the most effective way to morph images was through “dissolving”, which was developed in the 19th century. Dissolving is a gradual transition from one projected image to another, for instance, a landscape dissolving from day to night. This technique was groundbreaking in the 19th—early 20th century, proving the potential of visual effects in motion pictures.

Computers replaced dissolving since the 1980s and have made morphing more convincing than ever before. Digital morphing involves distorting one image at the same time as it fades into another by making corresponding points and vectors on the before and after images. For example, we can mark key points on a face, such as the corners of the nose or the location of the eyes, and also mark these points in the second picture. The computer then distorts the first face to match the shape of the second face while gradually blending the two.

One of the first companies that used digital morphing techniques was the computer graphics firm, Omnibus. It used this technique first for commercials and then for movies. It contributed to a film called "Flight of the Navigator" which featured scenes with a computer-generated spaceship that appeared to change it’s shape. Bob Hoffman and Bill Creber were the developers of that software. Later, morphing techniques have mainly been used in the film industry. Morphs appeared in movies like “Willow” (1988), “Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade” (1989), and “Terminator 2: Judgment Day” (1991). In 1992, Gryphon Software developed the first morphing software, called MORPH, designed exclusively for personal computers.

Nancy Burson, Morphing Grid with Patent Stamp from the Original Patent Application, 1981

Morphing Technology in Art

Nancy Burson is widely regarded as the first artist to use digital technology to create composite portraits in the early 1980s. However, prior to this, composite images were created through analog techniques by overlaying multiple images to blend and create a single image. Artists like Francis Galton and William Wegman made significant strides toward analog composite images before the arrival of digital technology.

In the 1870’s, Francis Galton first applied compositing techniques for the purpose of visualizing different human “types”. He tried to determine whether specific facial features could be associated with distinct types of criminality. Galton used multiple exposures to create composite photographs of different segments of the population, including mentally ill and tuberculosis patients as well as what he regarded as the "healthy and talented" classes, such as Anglican ministers and doctors.

Later, William Wegman continued this tradition by creating composite images in his artistic practice in 1972. His piece, "Family Combination" compared a photograph of himself with the genetic combination of his parents. He used two negatives simultaneously, one of his mother and one of his father, to create one image.

Nancy Burson: “I remember seeing Wegman’s Family Combinations when I was already working with MIT. And I didn’t find out about Galton until I was already making my own composites. It was a shock in that Galton was responsible for Eugenics, or the science of you are what you look like. I was horrified at the thought of anyone thinking that my composites were done with the same line of racist thinking. However, when they were first shown at the International Center of Photography (ICP) in 1985, it did seem that people understood my images had a light heartedness to them.”

Nancy Burson’s development

St. Louis-born Nancy Burson moved to New York in 1968. She visited the exhibition, "The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age" at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), which made a tremendous impact on her life. The exhibition featured moving objects and video images, which sparked Nancy's interest in technology.

N.B.: “What I liked best about the Machine show at MoMA was that some of the pieces were interactive. The idea that viewers could participate in the art was huge and quite memorable for me. It turned the museum into a fun experience and not just a cultural one. The pieces that stuck with me the most were Nam June Paik’s videos presented in what I remember as dark cases. I remember that after seeing that exhibition, I began to visualize in my mind an interactive age machine in which viewers could see themselves older. I knew nothing at all about computers so I knew I’d have to find the people who did!

I grew up with a science background. My mother was a lab technician and my favorite memories of my childhood were of doing fake experiments with real blood! I put everything I could under my brother’s microscope!”

Nancy met early computer graphics consultants through artist’s Robert Rauschenberg’s (known for his collages that incorporate everyday materials) and Billy Klüver's (video artist) organization, Experiments in Art and Technology (EAT). Rauschenberg and Klüver had worked together with scientists to organize the “9 Evenings” performances that took place at the 69th Regiment Armory in NYC in 1966. They established the non-profit EAT that same year. EAT was pairing artists together with scientists and Nancy was paired with an early graphics specialist who informed her the technology to produce aged images was years in the future. In the interim, Burson turned to painting and in 1976, it was suggested she contact Nicholas Negroponte, the head of MIT’s Architecture Machine Group, later called The Media Lab. They had just hooked up a camera to a computer which was an early version of a digitizer or scanner. It was one of the first times that a computer interacted with a live version of a face. It took five minutes to scan a live face and subjects had to lie underneath the copy stand and be told when they could blink.

The set up at MIT which was their first version of a digitizer

Originally, she thought her idea would only be useful beyond an art context for its potential usage in cinematic special effects. However, she soon realized that the technology she developed was more useful than she initially thought. By 1981, Nancy was issued a patent for her aging machine, “The Method and Apparatus for Producing an Image of a Person’s Face at a Different Age.”

N.B.: “In my initial meetings with MIT, I was paired with a collaborator, Thomas Schneider. The project was dubbed ATE, an homage to its first beginnings from EAT. It was Tom’s design for the triangular grid which still remains the standard morphing grid in the industry today for everything from sophisticated AI software to SnapChat. When I left MIT in 1978, Tom and I became co-inventors, and he turned over his rights to me. In 1979, I was invited to present my initial video of three faces aging that were the result of my work with MIT at the annual SIGGRAPH computer graphics conference. It was that conference that first exposed the new facial morphing technologies to everyone who was to become anyone in the industry, including those who became the graphics specialists at Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) and Pixar films.

Through my former colleagues at MIT, I continued my work with two computer graphics specialists working for Computer Corporation of America, Richard Carling and David Kramlich. We fashioned our early morphing sequences into funny video presentations that were shown in the SIGGRAPH film shows in 1983 and 1984, further exposing the technology to everyone in the industry. And it was Richard, David, and I who collaborated on my first book called Composites: Computer-Generated Portraits published in 1986.”

Early works (1976–1999)

Nancy Burson: Aging at 18, 30, 45, 60, and 70, 1976, video work

To facilitate the development of the software being built by MIT from 1976 to 1978, Burson created a self-portrait series, “Five Self-portraits at Ages 18, 30, 45, 60, and 70” in which she documented her own future aging process. She collaborated with a makeup artist to transform her face using make up to the ages of 18, 30, 45, 60, and 70. It was that study that informed how the software would enable her to explore the methodologies of altering and manipulating human features. Through the 1980s, she also used digital technology to blend the faces of groups of individuals to produce Composite Portraits. 

Burson often digitally combined and manipulated images of well-known individuals, such as famous politicians and celebrities. Through these images, Burson investigated political issues, gender, race, and standards of beauty. She created one of her most important works, “Warhead I” (1982), by using images of five world leaders—Ronald Reagan, Brezhnev, Margaret Thatcher, François Mitterrand, and Deng Xiaoping—proportionally weighting the image by the number of nuclear warheads deployable by the nation they led.

Burson also examined the concept of beauty in our society. In one of the first composites made in 1982, she creatied composite portraits that were a comparison of styles between the 1950’s and the 1980’s, exploring how beauty is defined in our society. For example, her "First Beauty Composite" (1982) featured the faces of Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, Grace Kelly, Sophia Loren, and Marilyn Monroe. And her "Second Beauty Composite" (1982) featured images of Meryl Streep, Brooke Shields, Jane Fonda, Diane Keaton, and Jacqueline Bisset.

She also explored other themes through her composite portraits. Her "10 Businessmen From Goldman Sachs" (1982) was a blend of 10 businessmen from that firm, while her "First and Second Male Movie Star Composites" blended images of movie stars in yet another style comparison. The "Big Brother" image produced in 1983, was a mix of the faces of political figures Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, Mao, and Khomeini for a CBS TV special that recreated George Orwell’s Big Brother from his novel 1984.

The process of morphing faces was not only time-consuming but also required a considerable amount of skill and effort in its early days.

Nancy Burson, 7 Morphs of 7 Morphs, video work. The works included in the morph are: 4 Vogue Models, 1989, Warhead I, 1982, Untitled Composite face, 1989, Aged Barbie, 1994, Big Brother, 1983, Untitled Composite face, 1989, Androgyny 1982

N.B.: “In 1982, the process that we used to morph faces was different in that we would overlay all the images on the eyes and ascertain an average. Then we would warp, or morph, each face to fit the average. It took 25 minutes to scan a face and morph it to the average face and then we’d combine them all together. It was an incredibly tedious process. Nowadays, there are some great programs available online which morph faces together and can weight them in different percentages as well.”

One of Nancy Burson’s most important works is the “Age Machine”, which utilized her patented technology of 1981, “The Method and Apparatus for Producing an Image of a Person’s Face at a Different Age.”   

The “Age Machine” was an interactive installation that simulated the aging process, offering a glimpse into what viewers might look like in the future. The installation scanned the face, and the viewer interactively moved data points for their features (ends of eyes, nose, mouth etc.). Then the software applied an aging template that corresponded to the viewer’s facial structure. Over the years, David Kramlich increased the speed of the process from 25 minutes to just a few seconds making it possible for viewers to be active participants within the museum experience. Quickly garnering attention for its boundary-pushing creativity, the “Age Machine” used cutting-edge technology to delve into questions surrounding identity and aging. It was shown at many important venues including the Venice Biennale in 1995 and the New Museum (NYC) in 1992.

Another variation of the initial morphing process was used by law enforcement agencies to find missing children or adults, predicting how they would look many years after their disappearance. Copies of the software were acquired by the FBI, as well as the National Center for Missing Children. By the mid 80’s, at least half a dozen children and several adults were found from Burson’s updating methodologies and collaborations with law enforcement. Through her art, Burson did what other artists only dream about. She changed people's lives.

Nancy Burson, Method and Apparatus For Producing an Image of A Person’s Face at a Different Age, 1978, Diptych of 2, Fine Art Print

N.B.: “I was completely unaware of the software’s potential use in finding missing children. However, in 1983, the Ron Feldman Gallery asked me into a group exhibition called “The 1984 Show”. The piece I chose to exhibit were aged images of Prince Charles and Diana with their “composite” teenage son, William. A woman with a missing child saw the show and asked me if there was anything I could do to update children’s faces. It was the true beginning of my work with missing kids. I knew the process we had been using to composite faces needed to be adjusted to update children’s faces so David Kramlich and I reworked the process. At that point, there were some Hollywood producers who came to us with a couple of serious cases of parental abductions and when they were aired on national TV, the children were found within the hour. It was wild to see the images we’d created on a computer screen come to life when those kids were found.”

Based on the same technique, Burson developed other machines as well. The “Anomaly Machine” (1993) showed viewers how they would look with a facial anomaly based of the research and data that she collected in taking portraits of real children’s faces with various craniofacial disorders. The “Couples Machine” combined two people together in whatever percentages they wanted. All these machines were offshoots of the original Couples Machine from 1989, which combined viewers’ faces with movie stars and politicians and was shown originally at the Whitney Museum.

Later works (2000 - now)

Nancy Burson, DNA HAS NO COLOR (An a/p of the glass sculpture made at Berengo Studios in Morino and acquired by the Boca Raton Museum)

Besides the above creations, there was another important artwork that was based on Nancy’s development of "The Method and Apparatus for Producing an Image of a Person's Face at a Different Age". “The Human Race Machine” was a public art project which was inspired by a meeting in the mid-1998 with one of Zaha Hadid's staff and was launched at the Mind Zone in the London Millennium Dome on January 1st, 2000. It was the perfect backdrop for the project which was an immense success with long queues of visitors waiting for hours. “The Human Race Machine” used morphing technology to show people how they would look as a different race, including Asian, Black, Hispanic, Indian, Middle Eastern, and White. After the British launch, “The Human Race Machine” went on to be featured in diversity programs in colleges and universities across the US for over a decade. It was also featured in Burson’s traveling retrospective that began at New York University’s Grey Art Gallery in 2002, and was nominated for Best Museum Show of the Year by the American Art Critics Association.

The project provided viewers with the visual experience of being another race and perhaps helped to promote a message of unity by allowing people to experience what it’s like to be someone of a different race. Later she created several works that explore the concept of diversity and equality.

N.B.: “In 2000, I did a project for Creative Time that accompanied a group exhibition exploring DNA in which I showed the “Human Race Machine”. Accompanying the exhibition, Creative Time commissioned a billboard at Canel and Church Street that said, “There’s No Gene For Race.” I consider the “DNA HAS NO COLOR” message of these sculptures and billboard an update of that same concept. Race is merely a social construct having nothing to do with the science of genetics. In fact, our DNA is really transparent, although scientists color it so it can be seen. With the prevailing upturn in racism today, I believe “DNA HAS NO COLOR” is an even more timely message than “There’s No Gene For Race” was almost 23 years ago. We are all one race, the human one.”

Nancy Burson, What-If-He-Were, 2016, video work

Nancy Burson has always had a keen interest in political issues. In relationship to her “Human Race Machine”, she created a series of images of Donald Trump as different races prior to his election. The “What If He Were: Black-Asian-Hispanic-Middle Eastern-Indian” was originally commissioned by a prominent magazine, but the magazine decided not to publish the images. Despite this setback, Burson remained committed to her work. These images were her attempt to not only expose Trump as a racist, but to challenge public consciousness regarding racist beliefs in the US.

Even though the work depicting Trump could not be published in that magazine, Huffington Post eventually published it after it was shown at the Rose Gallery (Santa Monica, CA) in 2016.

Another work called “Trump/Putin” was selected for the cover of Time magazine in 2018. This work showcased a slow transformation of the faces of Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin into one face. The image illustrated the sudden, unexpected liaison between thesse two leaders and the potential involvement by Russia in the 2016 election for the United States presidency.

Burson already knew the photo editor of Time magazine, Paul Moakley, who had selected one of her earlier works, “Androgyny” for Time’s book, “100 Photographs: The Most Influential Images of All Time”. Moakley was impressed by “Trump/Putin” and featured it on the cover of Time magazine. The image went viral immediately.

Nancy Burson's passion for addressing pressing political issues through art continues to this day, as evidenced by her recent work "The Face of Global Carbon Emissions". This piece depicts the top five heads of state whose countries are the biggest contributors to global warming. The composite image is weighted according to the approximate percentages of each country's carbon emissions. The featured leaders are Xi Jinping of China (contributing 28%), Joe Biden of the US (contributing 15%), Narendra Modi of India (contributing 7%), Vladimir Putin of Russia (contributing 5%), and Fumio Kishida of Japan (contributing 3%).

N.B.: “I prefer to make composites these days as political statements. “The Face of Global Carbon Emissions” grew out of my concern for our Mother Earth. We need to reduce our carbon emissions or risk extinction of humanity. I wanted to put a human face on the problem by combining the five world leaders who hold the power to change climate policies.”

Expressing social issues and bias

Nancy Burson, Trump/Putin, 2018, video work

Nancy Burson has dedicated her career to exploring the complexities and mysteries of the human face and the societal issues it reflects. Faces have always been an important part of human communication and expression. Portraiture represents a person's likeness and has been used throughout history to depict individuals and their personalities, capturing their essence through subtle cues like facial expressions and body language. Nancy Burson does not use portraiture to represent personal expression. Rather, she highlights social, political, and cultural issues, focusing on larger societal biases and injustices.

The human face is a mysterious and changeable thing. Burson's art explores how it is influenced by social and scientific ideas and biases. Her work uncovers the fluidity of concepts such as beauty, sex, race, power, family, and even species. It challenges viewers to reevaluate their ways of seeing the world. She wants us to see the works and actively engage with them, instead of just decoratively viewing them.

Morphing Techniques and AI

Morphing techniques and many AI image generative programs blur the line between reality and illusion. AI can generate pictures and videos that appear almost real, and morphing techniques can allow for the seamless transition of one image into another. When these two technologies intersect, the possibilities for creating lifelike illusions are almost limitless.

One of the important AI examples of morphing techniques is the DeepFakes. It uses an AI algorithm to replace one person’s face with another realistic transformation. The technique raises deep concerns about the potential for creating fake news or propaganda.

Nancy Burson, The Face of Global Carbon Emissions, 2022, video work

Another example of the intersection of morphing techniques and AI is GAN (Generative Adversarial Networks). GAN is a type of deep learning model that can generate new realistic images by blending and morphing elements from other images. It is applied in various fields, like art, fashion, and design. In recent years, GANs have been used to create unique and visually striking art pieces that blend elements from different styles seamlessly. The resulting images are both surreal and captivating, blurring the line between reality and imagination. 

Nancy Burson has been keeping a close eye on the advancements in technology, including the rise of artificial intelligence. While she acknowledges the potential benefits of this new tool, she also recognizes the potential for misuse and unintended consequences.

N.B.: “Each new technology brings its own potential misuses along with it. I consider AI to be a powerful new tool that I think is especially good at illustrating abstract concepts. Clearly some limitaitons have already been found, such as the software’s apparent racial bias that’s especially disturbing when used for law enforcement. I never imagined there would be a time that AI composited fake people would be used as spokespersons for websites. That’s terrifying to me.”

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MANIFESTO TERRICOLA by SOLIMAN LOpEZ

We are thrilled to introduce the "Manifesto Terricola", an artistic and scientific project developed by Soliman Lopez in collaboration with Polo De Vinci, MIT Media Lab, ESAT, Viven Roussel, Maggie Coblentz, Javier Forment, and Lena Von Goedeke. The project explores the current state of humanity and our future, with a particular focus on the environmental changes happening on the planet. The manifesto is stored in DNA and preserved in a biodegradable ear-shaped sculpture on Svalbard Island in the Arctic. It defends a positivist view towards the use of biotechnology as new materials of human expression and working in harmony with nature. The message of the Manifesto Terricola is integrated into this time capsule, frozen and icy at the Arctic pole, as a kind of farewell to the Earth we once knew, to say that we have changed it and ourselves. The project draws inspiration from art history, using the format of a manifesto, and refers to Vincent Van Gogh's ear. Solimán López, a well-known figure in the contemporary art world, developed the project using his expertise in new technologies, new media art, blockchain, and biotechnology.

Written by Soliman Lopez

© S O L I M A N L O P E Z 

1< INTRODUCTION 

The main objective of this document is to explain the details related to the project "Manifesto Terricola" by artist and researcher Solimán López in collaboration with Polo De Vinci, MIT Media Lab and ESAT (Escuela Superior de Arte y Tecnnología). The project is developed under the supervision of researcher and expert of biomateriality, Viven Roussel with the support of researcher and artist Maggie Coblentz and the collaboration of bioinformatician Javier Forment and artist Lena Von Goedeke. 

In the context of the residencies proposed by both institutions in collaboration and with the island of Svalbard as a field of work, the artist is selected to develop an artistic project relevant to the local, global, artistic and human context, which questions the current reality of humanity and our future, as well as introducing research opportunities within the framework of the analysis of the Arctic as a testimony of the environmental change present on planet Earth. That is why after several meetings and deliberations, taking into account the subject matter, the technological challenge and the proposed innovation, the working team has chosen the "Manifesto Terricola" project as the appropriate one based on the following details that are explained below in this document. 

2< WHAT´S THE MANIFESTO TERRICOLA? 

It is an artistic document that presents a state of the current situation of humanity in different areas such as economics, ethics and morality, psychology, geopolitics, the environment, art and the connection in between humans and the Earth.

But the document also contemplates a particular materiality, being stored in DNA and encapsulated in biodegradable bio printed material with the shape of an ear, produced to preserved on Svalbard Island in the Arctic.

Formally, it follows two historical approaches to the meaning of an artistic manifesto, being at the same time a work and text of intentions and a scientific tool. These intentions lie in an intrinsic analysis of materiality, the intangible, the anthropocene, science, digital storage and art itself.

The manifesto is separated into 5 conceptual blocks:

Block I: ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION.

Block II: SCIENCE AND BELIEFS Block

III: ECONOMICS Block

IV: TRANSHUMANISM / AUGMENTED HUMANS

Block V: CONSCIOUSNESS / ART 

© S O L I M A N L O P E Z 

Each of these content blocks is stored in its own DNA sequence and inserted all together in a bio print that saves and encapsulates the digital content.

The Manifesto claims pure conceptual production and the new materialities of the digital and intangible as a form of expression and a sublime relationship with nature in order to extend the understanding of the very essence of human technology and bioentities. 

The Manifesto Terricola also defends a positivist stance towards the advances of biotechnology as new materials of human expression and conciliation with nature and the biological. The text proclaims the integration and acceptance of technology as a new engine of consciousness for the future of humanity, thought and art and positions our generation in context with a future one and vice versa. The overall message of the Manifesto Terricola is at the same time integrated into a natural time capsule, frozen and icy at the Arctic pole, as a kind of farewell to the once Earth to say, yes, we have changed you and at the same time we have changed ourselves.

The manifesto also calls for a conceptual engagement with the crucial debate of the moment, arguing that all current artwork must have an intrinsic critical eye on these issues in order to balance with the current moment.

The Manifesto takes the form of a sculpture in the shape of a bioprinted human ear containing the DNA-encoded information of the manifesto itself. 

3< THE ARTISTIC WORK, ITS REPRESENTATION 

The work consists of two parts. The content of the manifesto, its audio and image. The materiality that houses it, represented by a human ear printed three-dimensionally with what is called bioprinting.

This object has a strong representation in the history of art, having clear references. On the one hand, the tragic duel of the painter Vincent Van Gogh with his ear to "make himself heard", passing through the also famous one implanted in the forearm of the artist Stelarc to make an implant listen and at the same time speak, or the project of the also bio artist Joe Davis with the introduction in the DNA of a mouse ear of the image of the milky way.

These precedents serve as a solid base to create a new evolution of this ear concept that has listened to the history of art and that now proposes other materiality and adds concepts. 

On the one hand it is an ear that represents in itself transhumanism by its own materiality and the possibility of imprinting itself with a bio material. On the other hand, this object/organ/listening interface holds frequencies information within itself and at the same time, like Stelarc's ear, listens and speaks and represents a global message like Joe Davis'. Of course, it also represents the tragedy of our humanity as destroyers of our own environment.

Within the project there is an important communication dimension linked to its distribution and dissemination. That is why certain actions and exhibitions are foreseen that will have as their main object a replica of the ice cane that incorporates the manifesto inside it.

The creation of large-format video projections and immersive installations are also foreseen. 

4< MAIN PRECEPTS FOR THE MANIFESTO TERRICOLA 

© S O L I M A N L O P E Z 

¿- Why Terricola?

From the Latin terricola ("inhabitant of the earth or soil"). If we look at the etymology of the word, the prefix terri- is self-explanatory, earth coming from terra, but it is interesting to look at the suffix -cola, which comes from -cul referring to cultivation. On the other hand, the root -col/cul is related to the Indo- European root kwel which means to stir or to move and which we find for example in a word of Greek origin such as kyklos which means wheel. And it is even more interesting to say that the verb colere in Latin means to cultivate and to inhabit, which also has a connotation to the concept of sedentary, a term that we have already mentioned in relation to the first civilisations that manipulated cereals to make a viable economy in their environment and that is now called into question with the manifesto insofar as our land is no longer a land suitable for this cultivation or for this habitability, turning us into extra-terrestrial beings.

Why the Arctic and Svalbard?

The technical and conceptual characteristics to carry out the project are ideal in Svalbard. On the one hand, it is a sensitive place in the use of art as a model of communication and commitment to the preservation of the Arctic as a key place in the global balance. On the other hand, the scientific research intrinsic to the project finds in this latitude of the world, a perfect place to work in low temperature conditions, in an isolated place and with easy access for proper installation and monitoring. Finally, Svalbard has great symbolic power as a place weakened and victim of the repercussions of human activity and the accelerating impact of climate change, being a global icon of iconic significance for a committed and frontal message such as the one proposed here. 

Who is the manifesto addressed to?

The target audience of this manifesto is anyone who wants to approach it in any of its forms, but within the framework of the general concept and the intellectual proposal it implies, we can identify 4 fundamental population groups in terms of the relationship they have with technology and the evolution of our species:

1º Humans who have assumed the change derived from the anthropocene and who, due to laziness, selfishness, ignorance, comfort and many other factors subjugated to the former, openly contribute to the uncontrolled entropy that generates the plausible imbalance we are experiencing.

2º Humans who intend with an outstanding use of technology to revert the changes to return the Earth to its ideal state of habitability, with advanced designs, sustainability as a fundamental word and cooperation.

© S O L I M A N L O P E Z 

3º Humans who with an outstanding use of technology, like the first ones, are contributors to the growth of the anthropocene, but who have in their roadmap the exploration of other places in space that leave behind the Earth as habitat in a sort of space colonisation based on the exponential growth of our technology, consciousness, energy and species.

4º Humans isolated from the debate with basic primary needs derived from their level of consciousness, resources, geographic location and politics causing a lack of capacity to position themselves on the issue. 

Motivations:

Every work of art, whatever its nature, requires an action, however symbolic it may be. A motivation. I define below some of the motivations for the creation of the Manifesto Terricola.

Eco anxiety: It has been mentioned before, but this manifesto captures the global eco-anxieties derived from a society in biological check.

Art: It is in itself a motivation, but an instrument and vehicle of communication. A means of visual, conceptual and graphic transmission. Symbol and information package, as well as a generator of community and debate. 

Message:

It is said that the end is the message and in this case this issue is very evident. The proposed message is a message that is embedded in neutrality. The manifesto proposes a place of debate and a message towards a potential recipient of the future to make them understand the moment they are in when they receive it and to draw clear lines of understanding and experience around the main issue of the project: the "habitability of the earth and our suitability to it".

Permafrost: Leaving a message for generations to come has always been in the view of all our civilisations. From the most ancestral ones in their eagerness to build in stone and leave us hidden messages in every centimetre. This intention is also present in this project through the staging of the manifesto through a natural process provoked under the concept of Permafrost.

Research: To pose a scientific experiment that can re-signify the sustainable encounter of humanity's information in balance with nature or what we could call biodata storage. 

5< SCIENTIFIC DIMENSION 

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Numerous scientific studies have already identified DNA as a suitable materiality as a bio-marker for the study of different characteristics related to melting ice, permafrost, movement, friction and the identification of life in glacial environments and in general in hydrological environments in which traces are particularly complicated to control. It is interesting to highlight the study published in Environmental Science & Technology where problems are solved with the use of PLA (Polylactic Acid), and encapsulants for DNA such as silica or clay gel among others, which in conjunction make these bio-markers a perfect material.

In our eagerness to keep the environment intact and not generate any alteration in the short or long term, we have chosen the same materiality for our artistic action, knowing that it is a material that is already being used in different ongoing studies in places such as Antarctica, Latin America and Asia.

Earlier we explained how the manifesto is an enunciative text and at the same time a work in itself. But it is also a scientific object that helps us to recognise the changes in the place in which it is embedded, identifying four fundamental lines of scientific contribution in the context of current research on the island.

- DNA as a guarantor of digital information: We are interested in studying the way in which the DNA that contains the information in the manifest, remains in extreme conditions of temperature, friction and radiation. We intend for the manifest to become a proof-of-life beacon that will be recovered in the coming years and provide us with hard evidence of the versatility of this digital information storage model that can help store part of our general culture.

We can demonstrate that the information integrated in the glacier through the manifest is durable and a future opportunity that revalues the ecosystem and connects it with new nanotechnologies.

- Biomaterial as a guarantor of environmental neutrality: We also want to demonstrate with this action how scientific and artistic production can be carried out with 0 environmental impact through the choice of suitable materials that arise from in-depth research in biotechnology material.

- Analysis of the suitability of storing digital information in a way that is harmless and sustainable for nature and sensitive ecosystems: Demonstration of new environmental applications for the linking and storage possibilities of the visual and digital culture of today's society. Stable natural media as an inert repository.

- DNA as a vibratory witness: Analysis of the vibrational changes in DNA resulting from climate change and environmental disturbances.

Our project is an exploration of data conservation and new materialities. We are interested in studying how the synthetic DNA, which contains a translated digital information in, can hold up under extreme conditions of temperature, friction and radiation. This takes the form of an Art-Science project lead by the Université Léonard de Vinci (represented by Association Léonard de Vinci) and the artist Soliman Lopez. The artist proposes to explore the question of the narratives of humanity at a time of climate crisis and dematerialisation of data with a DNA encapsulation in biodegradable biomaterial - biotechnology developed by the Tissue Labs and DNA method encoding with the bioinformatic Javier Forment form Universidad Politécnica de Valencia and the Genscript laboratory which it the artist is collaborating since 4 years. The Manifesto Terricola claims pure conceptual production and the new materialities of the digital and intangible as a form of expression and a sublime relationship with nature in order to extend the understanding of the essence of human technology and nature.

Humanity is faced with the question of how to preserve its heritage and what traces it will leave behind, whether or not it does so. An important part of human activity is recording and storing data for various purposes. These means are not entirely unrelated to the global rise in temperature. For thousands of years, permafrost and polar ice have been naturally accumulating data from environmental activities and life on the earth's surface. It is therefore possible to rationally consider the issue of storage and its environmental cost from a more ecological and sustainable perspective. If we are to continue producing this vast amount of information, it is urgent to find a better way to store and connect it directly to the natural environment, conceptually and molecularly.

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Solimán López proposes with "Manifest Terricola" project, to use the concept of permafrost for biological storage (DNA storage) under the polar ice - in which sustainability, research into new materials, social responsibility towards humanity and the art to merge. Our project is related to research on DNA with nanomaterial and biomaterial degradability in regard to data conservation and bioprinting. DNA tracers are actually used in different research areas (hydrology, nanomaterial, DNA and chemicals tracer, etc.) for their properties : “specificity, environmental friendly, stable migration” and high differentiability. Then DNA is here a guarantor of digital information: we intend to realize a manifest. A digital content extracted from the manifest´s text, under the ADN form to become a proof-of-life beacon that will be recovered in the coming years and provide us with hard evidence of the versatility of this digital information storage model that can help to store part of our Human culture. We will use an artist's text that addresses the same question that the research does but from a sociological perspective including a visual icon to make the research more recognizable and self explanatory.

We also propose a new way and visual encoding through the metaphor of frequencies, integrating in the information stored, more possibilities of understanding for future generations. Using a universal language like the vibration and frequency waves approach us to a more wider community not only related with only one kind of language.

On the other hand, scientifically, the analysis of the vibrational changes in DNA resulting from climate change and environmental alterations will be pursued with the help of the research team from De Vinci Innovation Center and the rest of the team. In practical terms, we insert a biodegradable object developed in partnership with the biological lab in a hole dug from a drill core ice -as a marker of our time. It contains the DNA text (manifesto).

Biomaterial is a guarantor of environmental neutrality, and demonstrates with this action how scientific and artistic production can be carried out with 0 environmental impact. We base our research on expertise from our partners and in the scientific research on environmental DNA marker : “ DNA molecules are essential constituents of life, which have existed ubiquitously in food, air, water, and also in almost all life forms.Therefore, it is naturally nontoxic.In addition, the sequences of DNA tracers are all artificially designed and chemically produced, but not from the genome of any organisms; therefore they neither possess any hereditary properties nor carry any potential risk of introducing foreign genes to any hosts.”

With this project and the subsequent correlative analysis, we demonstrate that the information embedded in the glacier (through the manifesto) is sustainable and an opportunity for the future to revalue the ecosystem and connect it with new nanotechnologies. Demonstrating new environmental applications for the linking and storage possibilities of the visual and digital culture of today's society is a huge challenge. Natural media, as a place of inert storage, can change the perception of materiality and our relationship to the world. Perhaps this message can lead people to a particular relationship with data and matter, where data is not destructive but constitutive of the materiality of the world. 

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6< THE ACTION IN SVALBARD 

Date: 15 - 26 April 2023.

Localisation: TBD.

Action description:

We propose the exploration through a drill ice in a higher area of a glaciar. We want to extract the column of ice and deposit our biomaterial in the base.

We propose a depth of around 100meters to place the biomaterial.

Once the biomaterial of around 10cm is deposited in the bottom, we will put back the ice column to its place.

With this action we ensure the prevalence of the biomaterial frozen and in a safe conceptual place. If the melting process sometime put out the sculpture, there in the surface, that will means we need to react more urgently and faster to stops the melting process. All the process will be recorded. 

7< ENVIRONMENTAL CLARIFICATIONS 

The DNA created in the laboratory for the purpose of storing and encoding digital information is a totally inert and isolated material that is encapsulated in a mineral such as silica, which is also present in nature. If at any time this micron-sized material were to come into direct contact with an aquatic environment, for example, it would be completely diluted and biodegraded without any additional effect on its environment.

On the other hand, for the "beacon" object, we propose several material alternatives, all of them equally effective due to their inert character, present in nature and their total biodegradation.

As summary:

• DNA with no possible expression.

• Easily degradable and absorbable biomaterial without any trace.

• Inert material doubly protected by an inert material.

• Materials that are visually discreet and in total harmony with their environment.

• Absolute respect for local communities. 

8< DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS USED 

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Below we describe the material used for the sculpture/manifesto:

4ug (micro grams of ribonucleic acid) x 5 Biomaterial for 3D printing.

In general in bioprinting the most common materials are:

1. Biodegradable polymers, such as collagen, alginate, poly(urethane ester) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).

2. Gels, such as agarose gel, gelatine, polymeric hydrogels and alginate gels.

3. Nanoparticles, such as gold, silver and copper nanoparticles.

4. Ceramic materials, such as hydroxyapatite, bioglass and zirconium oxide.

5. Metallic materials, such as titanium, stainless steel and gold. 

6. Extracellular matrices, such as matrigel matrices and chondroitin sulphate matrices.

7. Cells, such as stem cells, progenitor cells and differentiated cells.

8. Growth factors, such as nerve growth factors and bone growth factors. 

As our material is supposed to be inert we will use ceramic materials and biodegradable polymers to obtain 0 trace.

Bio materiality:

The possibilities of storing DNA in materials available in nature is very broad, but for this occasion we have decided to work with the more stable ones in this sort history of DNA encapsulating to have no surprises.

All natural environments are sensitive, but this issue is even more visible in the context of an Arctic island. The ecosystem must be respected and the introduction of a non-"natural" material is not within the possibilities and logic of the project.

On the other hand, we have already mentioned the conceptual idea of associating the project with an evident aesthetic minimalism that could be associated with suprematism and Malevich's "White on White" in an exercise also of "0 polution" and respect for one's own environment. Furthermore, this visual exercise reinforces the idea of "Out of place Artifact (OOPART)“ and the surprise effect in this possible permafrost that seems possible in the future of the current situation. Also the size of the intervention is not much longer than 8cms.

The fact of using a bio print helps us to understand the project to a better extent, being an important part of the project. An object designed for listening, which at the same time contains in its materiality a sound message and which is incorporated in the deepest nature to listen.

It should also be noted in this section that biology is positioned as a perfect place to store the work and its content, identifying a sort of metalanguage with nature through the insertion it must have in nature itself. On the one hand, we include the content molecularly, but at the same time and symbolically, we bury it in its essence, in a glacier with a material that is gonna hear the Earth. 

9< STEPS OF CREATION 

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We define below the steps necessary to carry out the work.

1º. Compilation of conceptual and intellectual material for the development and drafting of the Terricola Manifesto at document level.

2º. Tokenisation of the text in one or more Blockchain for its memory and digital registration as well as proof of existence and authenticity.

3º. Rematerialisation of the digital document. Transcription DNA using Python coding language.

4º. Sending the coding to the laboratory. In this case, the most feasible option is the GENSCRIPT laboratory with which the artist has already worked in the past.

5º. Creation in the laboratory of the DNA with the sequence sent.

6º. Sending of the genetic material to the Paris team for its final encapsulation.

7º. Encapsulation in biomaterial. Introduction of the DNA in the process of creating the bio print.

8º. Proof of its existence. Sending the sample to the laboratory of origin for analysis and verification. Presence test.

9º. Tokenisation of the final result.

10º. Journey to the Arctic for its introduction into the glacier.

11º. Identification of the precise location and extraction of ice block with similar techniques for iceberg stratigraphic analysis.

12º. Cut section at the critical length identified in a possible melt as "point of no return". 

13º. Insertion of the "terricola disc" and compression between the ice blocks.

14º. Insertion of the ice block in its place of origin or "hollow". 

10< STORAGE AND FREQUENCIES 

DNA STORAGE:

It is the process of encoding and decoding binary information that is found or synthesised in DNA strands.

Under the concept of DoT, DNA of Things, similar to IOT, internet of things, we can incorporate these DNA strands in different materials that encapsulate the DNA inside or molecularly coexist with it. This is the case of what has been done in the artist's previous works, in the Harddiskmusuem encapsulating in silica the DNA that contains the metadata of the Museum or in the case of OLEA through a group of bacteria that express their DNA with the designed sequence of the synthesis of the Smart Contract of a token. In this case the .zip file transformed into binary code using Python code will be subsequently sequenced in DNA, and encapsulated in the biomaterial used for bioprinting.

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——— The sequence: We intend to offer a new possibility and metaphor in the synthesis of information. To do so, we turn again to nature, choosing vibration and frequency as a matter of representation.

The Earth has what in physics is called a "magnetic transverse wave" which corresponds to the electromagnetic emissions produced by the Earth's motion and its events such as storms, and their "encapsulation" in the ionosphere, resulting in a vibration of 7.8Hz as discovered by Winfried Otto Schumann in the 1950s. This frequency and its measurement is also used by scientists as a great thermometer to analyse changes on our planet, such as global temperature and weather conditions.

Coincidentally, the vibrations analysed in the human brain are also based on 7.8Hz frequency. An eerie coincidence that somehow connects us with the Earth in an invisible but plausible way. Both frequencies are changing. Since the 1980's the Earth's frequency has risen to levels of 30Hz so we can say that we are in a vibrational imbalance that although not 100% scientifically proven, conceptually interesting to analyse. Is this further evidence of our extinction as earthlings? It is for this reason that the sequencing of our information will focus on this frequency metaphor, being at the same time a double file, an image with the spectrogram of the recording of a mechanical voice reading the text of the manifesto and the audio itself. 

The document will eventually contain 5 files.

5 image fragments showing the sound sling (spectrogram) and the text associated with the sling and the frequencies of the phonemes. 

Each DNA block (5) corresponds to the 5 content blocks included in the manifest.

Each element of DNA will be associated with one frequency in resonance with 7.8 to make the encoding vibrate in harmony with the Earth. 

Anex < BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 

The artist Solimán López has an extensive career in contemporary art, new technologies, interactives, blockchain and biotechnology, and is a relevant figure in the international panorama of what is known in the sector as "new media".

Among his works closest to the concept of this project, we can highlight the Harddiskmuseum, which was founded in 2013 under the concept of storing works of art based on digital files on a hard drive to revalue them and extract them from the noise of the internet. An attempt to put the spotlight on the value of the intangible in contemporary culture. 

In 2019 this museum was the first to be stored in DNA under DNA Storage techniques that will be explained later due to the important role they play in this project. The Harddiskmuseum is also accompanied in its origin by the "Manifesto Intangible", a document that gives conceptual sense to the project and a clear precedent of the artist's artistic intentions.

Another reference project in the context of "Manifesto Terricola" is OLEA, in which the artist manages to store the smart contract of an Ethereum blockchain token also in DNA, which gives rise to what he calls a “biotoken". 

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This DNA, expressed in a group of bacteria, is subsequently introduced into olive oil, creating an original biological bank connected physically and conceptually with the blockchain and historically linking two economies, the first represented by agriculture and a current one based on digital.

In other projects such as Introns, the artist plays with the concept of DNA profiling to create geometric avatars that represent humans within the context of the metaverse, posing a visual and conceptual alternative to the concept of the traditional anthropomorphic avatar, reified and sexualised by the consumption of the body.

These are some of the examples that the artist has been developing from his studio, but in the general context, new media and digital art has gained in recent years, a fundamental relevance to understand contemporary culture. 

With the pandemic provoked by Covid19, the processes of assimilation of disruptive technologies with Web3.0 and its most evident representation through the concept of NFTs and the controversial cryptocurrencies, we are positioned in a technological place where everything is possible.

A second consequence of this pandemic is the close co-relationship between biology, science and digital technologies. Recall that our PCRs were already available on our digital device, creating a direct conceptual bridge between the personal biological and the personal mobile device. In countries such as China and Japan, moreover, this process takes place in situ, in the home, where citizens already have all the biotechnological machinery at their disposal to obtain the results of their DNA samples.

All in all, the global context has meant that the relationship between art, science and technology (biotechnology) is nowadays very close.

Technology has become the new hope of humanity in many ways, even provoking a mystical displacement to the detriment of religion, which now struggles to adapt its historical and nineteenth-century precepts to a society that is no longer binary, neither hetero nor homo, neither black nor white, but undefined, a question that breaks with all the established canons firmly represented by the concept of heaven and hell.

If we continue with this simile, we can affirm that we find ourselves precisely in an ideological limbo, in which the forces and factual power indicate that technology and all that it entails, is a great power and a new weapon of mass destruction, with risks even as serious as sentimental genocide or genocide of the collective conscience.

And meanwhile, in this loop of anaesthesia, provoked in a certain way by the misuse of these technologies, especially communication, which have turned our mobiles into the pixels of a great world television (commonly known as the "idiot box"), the Earth continues to spin, or at least it seems so (our nucleus, precisely at this time in January 2023, has slowed down its spin once again, as if giving us to understand that it is going in another direction) and that the changes of polarisation, as is happening with society, are turning. 

We are both direct victims and executioners at the same time of what already has a name, "eco-anxiety", a psychological disorder already often mentioned by psychologists, which describes the alteration of the patient's state due to his or her concern about climate change. The term was coined and supported by the American Psychological Association in 2017.

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But it is perhaps more interesting to bring up a term previously coined by the Australian philosopher Glenn Albrecht that already includes this tension and suffering derived from the habitable environment. “Solastalgia” defines the same state mentioned in eco-anxiety but in native population groups who are deprived of their traditional living conditions, their territory, customs, objects and surrounding nature, which makes them forced "aliens" from their former Earth. Perhaps a feeling that is already present in Inuit communities and peoples.

This climate change has also already been summed up in a term that comes out of the mouths of philosophers, snobs, environmental professionals, psychologists, artists, politicians... a widespread term but one that we have not yet defined in its magnitude because when a new terminology is introduced, its acceptance is inherently proposed. And this acceptance has implications of great weight for the future of humanity.

The "anthroposcene". This term, proposed by Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen in 2002, defines the current age symbolised by a constant and evident deterioration of the environment as a consequence of human activity. The term also contains other interesting definitions to be questioned, such as the concept of environment itself. From the moment this term becomes popular, as we said, we find a succinct acceptance. An acceptance of having islands and even continents of plastic, or the fact of beginning to take advantage of the melting Arctic ice to establish faster trade routes between East and West, or rather, between China and Europe. These acceptances are sometimes somewhat absurd, or is it that there is something we have not been told and that we are already prepared to inhabit an Earth that will never be as we understand it?

At times, myself feels a bit like this, as if to say, well it seems that everything is under control, that they know what they are doing and that the change of our habitat is not urgent as there is a plan already in place to deal with it.

But I honestly don't think this is the case. Our ecosystem is seriously damaged and for those of us who like it pure and clean, our environment is already an assault on the senses, the intellect, education, ethics, morality, intellectuality, conscience and respect for our species and others. There is practically no place in the world where we do not already have an imprint present. Even those places we have not physically visited already bear our trace, as in the case of that sea plastic bag, which like an anthropocene jellyfish floated in waters more than 10,000 metres deep in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. Its discoverer, Victor Vescovo, broke the depth record for an exploration and evidenced another record for humanity, that of our complete incapacity to stop this vicious circle that is driven by the economy of the here and now.

If we talk about economy, we must go back to the origins of agriculture, back in 10,000 BC according to studies at the Göbekli Tepe site in Turkey. This period coincided with a change in the genetics of cereals, which allowed their intensive and extensive cultivation, the sedentarisation of humans and consequently "civilisation". This gesture changed everything, as the Earth ceased to be the Eden that offers us its fruits and became the factory of our desires. The motives and technology of this genetic alteration would be the subject of another study. What is interesting here to contextualise the "Manifesto Terricola" project is how the economy has taken an ideological place that only a new economy can replace, and for that we must re-economise the Earth and put it back in the right place of interest. This seems very complex in a global ecosystem where everything is polarised by immediate desire, well-being and the right to a "dignified life", a fight that, given the number of inhabitants on the planet, has already generated serious geopolitical borders for the understanding of the different contemporary civilisations. Hatred is the locus of the economy and is taking over everything to such an extent that we can affirm that we are in a society enraged, lost in anger and obviously disconnected by the consequences of this violent act. 

But the situation is unsustainable and an economy without a place to develop it seems impossible. Here my doubts arise about the plan B drawn up somewhere. It is not possible that we do not have this strategy designed by those whose economy will leave our atmosphere and spread to other places in the universe, because if not, the logic is something that does not exist.

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It is very scary to see how the human being commercialises with everything that is essential, the aforementioned agriculture and the product of the Earth, the appropriation of its land and species, of the place called the world and its fundamental concepts and facts such as health represented by medicine or ethics by religion, among other disciplines.

All these issues are basic to the future of a complex society and that is precisely where the primary business is established. The rest we all know. The only alternative to a paradigm shift lies in shifting the interests of this basic economy to other scales of value and principles, leaving the Earth to breathe easy, for if there is one thing I know for sure. Let us remember that we are on Earth in a renting period.

Within this global social, economic and ideological context, when things go wrong for us, we find no solution and we feel alone in this vast universe, religions and great technologies emerge and, like a new deity, they are proposing a window of salvation to the one that is coming. This is undoubtedly generating an unprecedented ideological crisis, already noted recently, but much deeper than a paragraph can explain. The leap in humanitarian consciousness that we are witnessing is generating a social and class split. We could imagine this differential leap between the extreme Catholic and evangelist believers who make up more than 50% of the population of a country like Brazil, and demoralised atheist population groups living in innovation clusters and technological hubs on islands and natural paradises, who see in technology a new technocratised model of life that offers both informational and technical well-being as well as an evolved level of consciousness thanks to this massification of information, which, if well treated, is a very powerful weapon.

It is undoubtedly an unprecedented conceptual war in which technology and science and their empirical power are brutally pitted against the power of history, myth and the deities present in our vestiges of an antiquity temporarily questioned by the very techniques used and which, precisely because technology has called into question its origins and its main actors. This information, as controversial as any other for a system under control through faith, dismantles myths at the click of a button, which are refuted with the noise of fake news, image alteration, CGI and paid testimonies. A truly interesting moment that distracts us so much that we forget precisely the big issues that are fundamental to keeping our ecosystem habitable.

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This power struggle (science and technology vs. religion and faith) has led to what we have called "transhumanism", another interesting term coined in recent history by Fereidoun M. Escandadiary, which refers to a cultural, intellectual and technological movement in which human beings are modified through disruptive tools that improve their capacity on various levels. Undoubtedly, the leap in consciousness proposed in the interesting analysis of the Kardashev Scale could serve as an example to understand this evolutionary leap in consciousness proposed by technology as a whole, taking us from mere hunter-gatherers to intergalactic beings who control space, time and matter at will, a kind of spatial agriculture, which would undoubtedly have to be reviewed at its base. Feeling transhumanist and also accepting this condition gives us an environmental and medial "carte blanche" to relate to the world in an unconditional and unlimited way, expanding our physical, intellectual and cognitive capacities but at the same time helping us to adapt more quickly to an environment that we ourselves are modifying. This haughty attitude that situates us as semi-gods empowered by technology generates rivers of ink as long as the critical positioning implied about our species and the identification of the moment when we cease to be who we are and become another, no longer terrestrial, species. It is what I call the "threshold", a tense positioning that provokes a leap in one direction or the other, the precipice or solid ground. What becomes evident is that staying on the threshold forever is not possible because the poles have a great magnetism and in this matter there is no middle ground, since to belong to technology is to belong to an intertwined system of hyperconnections and data that make possible a new network, as if it were pulses of fungi underground. And belonging to the disconnected model of information can generate a real split even at the species level. In any case, it is interesting to contextualise how transhumanism is the confluence and solution to this moral conflict between science and religion to give way to a figure that contemplates both concepts through the empowerment and increase of once-human capacities thanks to technology, which will turn us into a different species, perhaps adapted to another planet that no longer answers to the name of Earth, just as we would not answer to the name of humans or homo sapiens. This question is particularly relevant in the context of the "Manifesto Terricola" project since, as we will see later on, the intentions and the overall message of the project do not lie in the idea of knowing ourselves in an uninhabitable world, but understanding ourselves in the need to adapt physiologically or to flee and rethink the opportunity it offers us or to regret what we have lost.

An ideal place to ask ourselves these questions is in the space of art and philosophy or the evolution of the intellect. Using this technological functionality to expand the capacities of expression and understanding of the world becomes a utilitarian obligation of these advances, with art being the place of convergence as it has been historically. The spaces of manifestation that we understand today as artistic have historically reflected the changes of the moment, the doubts, challenges, aesthetics, wars and disputes, opportunities and duels, and although we may think of ourselves as more "modern", art today continues to do the same. This is where the application of technology comes into play from a conceptual and respectful point of view, with a global message that expresses itself for all, and where the project begins to make sense.

After this contextualisation and existential approach, we present the main motivations of the Manifesto Terricola as a new opportunity of global consciousness change. 

13< DOCUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION 

Audiovisual and photographic documentation of the scientific and artistic actions required to carry out the project, including the use of a drone with the necessary permits, is foreseen. 

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/dna-rna/ 

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Attachment-efficiency-of-DNA-RNA-on-clay-hydrogelb-Protection-of-DNA-in-clay_fig2_258335731

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/10/1582#

https://www.xataka.com/investigacion/nueva-tecnica-mit-para-almacenar-archivos-adnmediante-capsulas-promete-hacer-facil-su-posterior-recuperacion

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42514-022-00094-z

https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/amazing-dna/

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 277023595_Natural_Data_Storage_A_Review_on_sending_Information_from_now_to_then_ via_Nature

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165232X18304233 

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CONTACT DETAILS:

projects@solimanlopez.com

vivien.roussel@devinci.fr 

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History of AI - innovation of film, computer graphics & animation

“Art challenges technology, technology inspires art”

—Catmull and Wallace, 2014

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Film as an artistic medium has its roots in various earlier traditions, including storytelling, literature, theatre, and visual arts. For instance, ancient traditions such as Cantastoria involved combining storytelling with a series of images displayed or indicated sequentially. Furthermore, light and shadows were utilized to create art forms that predate modern film technology.

 The history of filmmaking and technology highlights the significance of collaboration between artists and technologists, each inspiring and pushing the other to greater heights. During the early days of photography, most photographers had to be both artists and technologists, constantly experimenting with new techniques to enhance their art. However, in film and animation, this interaction has become even more integral to the art form.

The development of film as a visual art form using film technologies began in the late 19th century, and its exact origins are not well-defined. However, the public screening of ten of the Lumière brothers' short films in Paris on 28 December 1895 is often considered the breakthrough moment for projected cinematographic motion pictures, marking the emergence of film as a commercially viable medium.

 The history of film technology is as diverse and complex as the art form itself, with early inventions and innovations playing a crucial role in making it possible. Even before the creation of photography, film's roots can be traced back to 1832 with the development of the phenakistoscope. This early device featured a rotating disk with sequential drawings of moving objects. At the same time, the zoetrope, which came shortly after, used a rotating drum with images on the inside to create a similar effect. These devices captivated audiences with short animations that played continuously, effectively telling a moving story.

A series of 8 Eadweard Muybridge photographs of a man riding a horse, the third one showing that all four of the horses hooves do in fact lift up off of the ground at the same time during the gallop

To demonstrate that horses lifted all four hooves off the ground during a gallop, a racehorse breeder in California hired the services of photographer Eadweard Muybridge. Muybridge used multiple cameras to take successive photos of the horses in motion, then mounted on a rotating disk and projected on a screen, effectively creating the first "moving picture". Interestingly, this was also the same year that Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a device designed for recording and reproducing sound. In 1888, Edison tasked his lab assistant, Dickson, with inventing a motion picture camera to complement the phonograph's audio capabilities, which resulted in the creation of the kinetograph.

The Lumière brothers unveiled the cinématographe in 1895, a lightweight and portable device that could function as a camera, projector, and printer. Their debut film, "Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory," was one of the earliest examples of moving pictures. The Lumière brothers also ventured into various camera technologies, colour processing, and creative techniques to utilize them.

Interestingly, throughout film history, more art tinkerers and collaborative teams of artists and technologists have contributed to its evolution. Another example is The stage magician George Méliès, who filmed fantastical stories like A “Trip to the Moon”, employing a wide range of clever in-camera tricks to create delightfully inventive and beguiling films and Walt Disney, who used and pushed new technologies of sound and color recording, and drove other innovations along the way, such as the multiplane camera.

Technological developments in the art of filmmaking (a) the first captured film, of workers leaving the Lumiere Brother’s factory (1895), (b) George Méliès’ 1902 “A trip to the Moon” filmed like a stage play but with fantastical special effect, (c) Citizen Kane, which used numerous experimental camera and lens effects to tell the story © Public domain images

Orson Welles' pioneering film techniques were primarily facilitated by the use of new camera lenses by his cinematographer, Gregg Toland. The advent of portable cameras and audio equipment allowed the French New Wave to experiment with film techniques, which, in turn, influenced up-and-coming American directors such as Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas. Despite working with a limited budget, Lucas and his team on Star Wars were early pioneers of various visual effects, such as creating the sound effect for the "blaster" by hitting telephone guy-wires, as well as innovators in digital film editing and compositing, as noted by Rubin in 2005.

Since then, digital and computer graphics technology have revolutionized how stories are told in the film. Directors such as Michel Gondry and James Cameron have pushed these technologies to unforeseen limits, introducing new techniques and styles of storytelling. With each new development, filmmakers rapidly adopt these technologies to transform the medium again.

Computer Animation (from the 1940s to the present day)

History of computer graphics, 1972

The history of computer animation can be traced back to the 1940s and 1950s when pioneers like John Whitney began experimenting with computer graphics. Nowadays, it's hard to find a recent film that doesn't use some form of 3D animation technology, including Tenet, Dune, and Marvel movies. The combination of live-action and 3D animation is seamlessly integrated into these films.

John Whitney, Sr. was a prominent figure in computer animation and is considered one of its pioneers. He and his brother James created experimental films in the 1940s and 1950s using a custom-built device from old anti-aircraft analogue computers. The device controlled the motion of lights and lit objects, making it the first example of motion-control photography. Whitney is best known for the animated title sequence in Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo, which he collaborated on with graphic designer Saul Bass. He established Motion Graphics Inc in 1960, which produced titles for film and TV while continuing to create experimental works. His motion control model photography was used in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey in 1968 and the slit-scan photography technique used in the film's "Star Gate" finale. 

"Kitten" computer animation, 1968

In the 1960s, the establishment of digital computers opened up new possibilities for computer graphics. While initially used for scientific and engineering purposes, artistic experimentation emerged by the mid-1960s, led by Dr Thomas Calvert. One of the earliest programmable digital computers was SEAC, which introduced a drum scanner in 1957 that created the first digital image by scanning a photograph of Russell Kirsch's son. The team could extract line drawings, count objects, recognize character types, and display digital images on an oscilloscope screen with the computer. This breakthrough paved the way for subsequent computer imaging and highlighted the significance of this first digital photograph.

In Sweden, a 49-second vector animation was created on the BESK computer showing a car traveling down a planned highway, using a specially designed digital oscilloscope and camera controlled by the computer. This short animation was broadcast on national television. At the same time, Bell Labs in New Jersey was a leading research contributor in computer graphics, animation, and electronic music. Researchers like Edward Zajac, Michael Noll, and Ken Knowlton established themselves as pioneering computer artists.

Ivan Sutherland is credited with creating Interactive Computer Graphics and is an internet pioneer. He created Sketchpad I while working at the Lincoln Laboratory in 1962. This program was the first Graphical User Interface that enabled users to interact directly with images on the screen. Sketchpad I is regarded as one of the most significant computer programs ever created by an individual.

In 1963, Edward Zajac created A Two Gyro Gravity Gradient attitude control System, one of the first computer-generated films, at Bell Labs. It demonstrated how a satellite could permanently be stabilized to face the Earth while orbiting. Ken Knowlton also developed the Beflix animation system in 1963, which used simple "graphic primitives" to produce dozens of artistic films by artists such as Stan VanDerBeek, Knowlton, and Lillian Schwartz. Meanwhile, William Fetter, a graphic designer for Boeing, developed ergonomic descriptions of the human body in 1964, resulting in the first 3D wire-frame figures. These figures, known as the "Boeing Man," became iconic in the early history of computer graphics.

Michael Noll created early computer-generated 3D movies in 1965, including stereographic and four-dimensional hyper-objects. By 1967, he used 4D animation to create computer-animated title sequences for films and TV specials.

Charles Csuri, Chaos to Order (Hummingbird), 1967, drawing, b/w, computer-generated © Charles Csuri

Charles Csuri was also one of the pioneers of computer animation. As a professor, fine artist, and computer scientist, his research and artistic vision led to advances in software that created new artistic tools for 3D computer graphics, computer animation, gaming, and 3D printing, all before their widespread commercial applications. In the early days of his career, Csuri's art consisted of his drawings and sketches, which he made in order to mathematically transform them using analog and digital technologies.

One of the best examples of his early period is the “Chaos to Order” (1967). The creation process for the artwork involved the use of random distribution techniques, where each line of the bird was placed at random positions within the composition. The computer then generated a chaotic version of the hummingbird, with lines and shapes overlapping and intersecting in a seemingly haphazard manner. Csuri then in progressive stages, brought the bird back together, manipulating the random placement of lines and shapes to create a more coherent and recognizable image of a hummingbird.

A group of Soviet physicists and mathematicians, led by Nikolai Konstantinov, created a mathematical model for the motion of a cat in 1968. They used a BESM-4 computer to develop a program that solved the ordinary differential equations for this model. Using alphabet symbols, the computer printed hundreds of frames on paper, later filmed sequentially, resulting in the first-ever computer animation of a character - a walking cat.

The art journal Studio International published a special issue titled "Cybernetic Serendipity – The Computer and the Arts" in July 1968. The issue showcased a comprehensive collection of computer art from organizations worldwide, exhibited in London, San Francisco, and Washington, DC. This event was a milestone in the development of computer art and is widely regarded as a source of inspiration. Notable examples of computer art from this period include "Chaos to Order" by Charles Csuri and "Running Cola is Africa" by Masao Komura and Koji Fujino.

The movie “Westworld”, 1973

Towards 3D: mid-1970s into the 1980s

The 1973 sci-fi movie Westworld was the first to use digital image processing. The Gunslinger android's perspective was portrayed as pixelated through motion picture photography digitally processed by John Whitney Jr. and Gary Demos at Information International, Inc. They used the Technicolor Three-strip Process to separate each frame of the source images by colour, convert them into rectangular blocks according to their tone values, and output them back to film as cinegraphic block portraiture.

Home computers saw the introduction of 3D computer graphics software in the late 1970s, including the first known example, 3D Art Graphics, by Kazumasa Mitazawa for Apple II in 1978. Disney's 1979 film The Black Hole used wireframe rendering created by Disney engineers to depict the black hole. Ridley Scott's Alien used wireframe graphics for navigation monitors the same year. The 1980s brought further advancements in hardware, such as framebuffer technologies, which combined with improved computer power and affordability to enable radical new developments in commercial graphics workstations.

From the 1990s to now, computer animation has expanded in film and TV

In the 1990s, CGI technology had advanced enough for major film and TV production use. 1991 was a significant year with two box-office hits utilizing CGI. James Cameron's Terminator 2: Judgment Day was one of them. In 1993, Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park was another milestone, integrating 3D CGI dinosaurs with life-sized animatronic models.

Computer animation is thriving in various industries today, providing more opportunities for animators than ever before. The story of computer animation contradicts the idea that art and technology conflict, as they often work together to evolve and grow an art form.  A great example of success is Pixar Animation Studios, pioneering 3D computer animation as an art form achieved through close collaboration between artists and engineers. Pixar's culture treats both groups as crucial to the company's success, resulting in years of technical and creative innovation and commercial and artistic success.

As technology advances, 3D animation is expected to improve its capabilities and complexity significantly. AI and machine learning hold immense potential in accelerating the animating process, paving the way for exploring a wider array of animation styles.

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Kate Vass Galerie Introduces 0KAI - A Revolutionary On-Chain AI Art Technology

Ganbrood, Paradiso © Kate Vass Galerie

0KAI: GENERATIVE AI ON-CHAIN ENCRYPTED

The art world is constantly evolving, and new technologies are pushing the boundaries of what's possible. The latest innovation in this space is 0KAI, a groundbreaking on-chain AI art technology that's set to transform the way we create and collect AI art. The first project to launch on 0KAI is 'Algoritmo Divino' by Ganbrood, a pioneering AI artist from the Netherlands, which will be available on the 18th of April.

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ABOUT 0kAI

Ganbrood, Paradiso © Kate Vass Galerie

Kate Vass Galerie is proud to introduce 0KAI, the first on-chain AI art technology that safeguards the privacy of the artist's input, revolutionizing and transforming the way of creating and collecting AI art, introduced by KVG’s new digital extension K011.

A secret no one can read, but everyone can see, keeping the artist's complete integrity while allowing the collector to hold the seed inputs for each artwork. With 0KAI, we enable prompt encryption and real-time artwork generation, delivering the encrypted prompt in its hash on-chain saved eternally.

The next pioneering AI masterpieces will be generated on-chain, showcasing a new era of human-machine interactions. Pioneering with this approach of collecting AI art, we want to give the collector more than just unique iterations but the core of each artist's creativity.

Because AI artists have different approaches, we decided to leave artists complete flexibility regarding the token mechanics and the prompt-generation techniques giving each of them their smart contract.

Each artwork is created in real-time, with nothing being pre-minted, stored on Arweave after minting.

The 0KAI engine ensures true randomness in the artwork's generation. Additionally, rarity traits are defined by the artist, influencing the prompt and hence the image generation.

In summary, 0KAI is a game-changing technology that enables long-form AI art, simultaneously providing complete transparency and security for artists and collectors. With One-kind features, 0KAI offers a new and innovative approach to collecting art on the chain.

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‘Algoritmo Divino’ by Ganbrood

Ganbrood, Inferno © Kate Vass Galerie

On the 18th of April, we are happy to launch our first project by one of the most prominent AI artists – Ganbrood. His first long-form on-chain AI drop 'Algoritmo Divino' will go live at the Dutch auction with 333 unique live-generated iterations.

‘Abandon all hope, ye who enter here.’ - Dante Alighieri, Inferno, Canto III. 

 This quote speaks to the idea of transformation, letting go of old ways of thinking and embracing a new perspective. The Divine Comedy is just an allegory to parallel the similarity of long-form synthetic image generation using neural networks, as an art and image creation evolution. 

 Ganbrood (Bas Uterwijk), from the Netherlands, has been re-evaluating his role as a photographer and has been working with AI for the last four years. Primarily self-taught, he has always been involved in forms of visual storytelling that imitate and distort reality. Since 2019 he has combined his different skills and experiences when working with generative adversarial networks (GANs): Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence based software that interprets and synthesizes photographs. With the help of these neural networks, he constructed portraits with a photographical quality that were never recorded by an actual camera.

New AI tools are transforming the creative process for artists, pushing the boundaries of what are possible and inspiring new forms of expression. ‘Algoritmo Divino’ is the first on-chain series by Ganbrood, generated in real-time during the mint. Three hundred thirty-three unique iterations will surprise and guide you through three realms of Inferno, Purgatorio & Paradiso. The rarity, and prompt are encrypted on-chain, giving the collector a unique opportunity to collect the artwork's 'secret ingredient', holding the core 'prompt', which is encrypted and is eternally saved on the blockchain.

 In Dante's Divine Comedy, the transformation of souls as they journey through the afterlife is a central theme. The characters' experiences and behaviours lead to their conversion towards greater virtue and understanding or deeper learning and suffering. 

Ganbrood, Purgatorio © Kate Vass Galerie

Similarly, long-form synthetic image generation using diffusion neural networks, generates images that progress and evolve. The process involves repeatedly applying a diffusion process to an initial image, resulting in a series of intermediate images gradually evolving towards a final, synthesized image. Each image represents a different stage in the generation process, and the final image depicts the journey's culmination.

 Divine Comedy's idea of journey and progression is a powerful metaphor in 'AlgoritmoDivino' by Ganbrood, which represent many levels of alteration: working with prompt to image generation to personal growth and development. His own transformation as an artist from photography to synthetic images, accepting the new realm of AI and new tools as a creative process, all reflect in ‘Algoritmo Divino’.

 AI artists use various methods to create their work, which is often individual and curated. They typically begin with an initial image, prompts, or other techniques; the process is selective and detailed. This allows the artist to choose elements that align with their style or to manipulate the final image to their concept and intention.

Long-form AI art, on the other hand, is the opposite of standard practice. Mastery of AI requires a high level of sensitivity to set the AI parameters in a unique way that produces high-quality results.  It involves feeding the algorithm with higher, variable input, which removes the artist's final control and creates a more challenging process. Paradoxically, the importance of human intuition is underscored in this interaction with the machine’s algorithms and demonstrates the artist's skill and talent.

 Ganbrood challenges himself with the long-form generation, which contradicts his standard process. The irreversibility of the results leaves little or no control over the output from the black box. Nevertheless, his signature themes of animals and gods are present in every 333 iterations, symbolizing humanity's desire to become godlike.

 333 unique live-generated iterations of 'Algoritmo Divino' are available to mint on 18th April at 7 pm CET. For the first time, the collector can collect AI artwork in real-time, with the encrypted prompt, and rarities the artist uniquely integrates.

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HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO ISKRA VELITCHKOVA

Iskra Velitchkova, Un-distance series © Kate Vass Galerie

In this article, we would like to focus on one of our talented artists, Iskra Velitchkova, who is celebrating her birthday today.  

Iskra Velitchkova is a Bulgarian self-taught artist, currently living in Spain. Her works explore the interactions between machines and humans, and how this relationship can help us better understand our limits and ourselves. As a visual thinker, Iskra has a proven record in the tech and artificial intelligence industry, which she now applies to her own artistic research.

Tradition and culture are essential elements of her work, which she combines with her Balkan roots and the influences of Mediterranean culture to create unique and authentic pieces. Iskra's art is inspired by her belief in the power of dialogue between science, art, and people. Her work explores questions about roots and limits, as well as the intersection of emotions, traditions, and cultures. Her art combines abstraction and figuration, often featuring minimalist elements, that are reminiscent of movements­, such as Bauhaus, Suprematism, and Dadaism. Her works are often connected with organic shapes that remind us of particular elements from nature.

Iskra’s work is based on a combination of digital media and physical, traditional materials and methods. She uses generative techniques to explore different patterns and ways of representation. Then she trains artificial neuronal networks to find relationships, new shapes, and spaces. This process leads her to create new media digital pieces, physical paintings using acrylic, oil, and ink, plotted generative works, and sculpture pieces made of clay.

Iskra's work has been exhibited in galleries and museums around the world, including at prestigious events such as Art Basel Miami, IEEE VIS Berlin, and Art SG in Singapore. Her recent exhibitions include "Proof of People" in London, "Unblock Gaudi" at the Museum Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt, and "Natively Digital 1.3: Generative Art" at Sotheby's New York.

Projects

Kate Vass Galerie has been collaborating with Iskra Velitchkova since 2022, starting with the Phygital exhibition which explored the works of generative artists with both digital and physical components. For the show, Iskra presented three pieces from her “Un-distance” series: “#1 You”, “#2 You and me”, and “#3 Us”. Each piece consisted of a digital NFT and a plotter drawing. While the digital pieces were created using Processing, for the physical works, she used a plotter machine to create the drawings on paper using a pen and ink, and she hand-painted the background. Iskra tried out a new technique for this project by layering multiple drawings on top of each other. By working with the limitations of the computer and embracing the randomness of the process, she was able to create unexpected and intriguing results that made her question the nature of the outcome. The project aimed to create an algorithm by carefully balancing lines, colors, and overlaps to give the impression of a spring emerging.

Iskra Velitchkova, Psychedelic chicken © Kate Vass Galerie

In the beginning of 2023, Kate Vass Galerie collaborated again with Iskra on the project PAL, which was showcased at the Art SG fair in Singapore. PAL is an inaugural collaborative performance created by Iskra and another generative artist, Marcelo Soria-Rodríguez. The live performance lasted for four days, from January 11th to 15th, during the art fair. The installation included an analogue computer, a video recorder, one VHS tape, a timer, a generative system attached to a digital screen, and a magnet. The entire process was recorded on the VHS tape, which was then digitized to create 100 unique pieces. These 100 unique works were launched as NFTs on KVG's digital component, a new marketplace called K011. PAL explores the imperfections and connections between humans and machines and questions how their interactions can create unexpected beauty in the imperfections. During the performance, the VHS tape was continuously played and rewound on an old VHS-player, while a small magnet was passed over it to induce random distortions and real-life interference, creating unique and unpredictable variations.

Works in our Collection

We are honored to have several works by Iskra Velitchkova in our collection, including one work from her “PAL” and “Un-distance” series, as well as her well-known work "Psychedelic chicken." For the past years, Iskra has been exploring the anatomy of bird shapes through her work. She employs recursive methods to build, break, and refine her own generative models, exploring how organic and natural illusions can emerge from code through human intervention in the process.

It is fascinating to see how she translates these explorations into her art, resulting in unique and intriguing pieces that blend technology and traditional art techniques.

Happy birthday, Iskra, and best wishes for the coming years!

Iskra Velitchkova and Marcelo Soria-Rodríguez, PAL #3 © Kate Vass Galerie

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History of AI - The invention of photography

“From today, painting is dead!”

—Paul Delaroche, painter, at a demonstration of the daguerreotype in 1839.

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Technology has significantly increased artistic and professional opportunities throughout history by offering artists more advanced tools. It revitalizes art forms that may have become stagnant. While introducing new technologies can initially cause concern and fear among traditional artists about being replaced, it ultimately leads to the developing of new artistic styles. Additionally, these technological advancements make art more accessible to a larger segment of society, both as creators and consumers. This trend has been especially evident in the past two centuries, starting with the Industrial Revolution.

This narrative draws parallels between photography's history and AI's current status as an artistic tool. In the beginning, photography was not viewed as a legitimate form of art, similar to how some still consider AI non-artistic because of its mechanical nature. While some artists embraced photography, others saw it as a threat to traditional art forms. The introduction of photography displaced older technologies, such as portraiture, which were no longer viewed as art. However, as photography developed and became more widespread, artists learned to master it and express themselves using this new medium. The controversy surrounding photography eventually dissipated as it became a widely accepted art form accessible to non-experts and hobbyists.

Moreover, photography revolutionized the art form, leading it towards greater abstraction. I predict that AI as an artistic tool will follow a similar trajectory, with new AI tools eventually being fully recognized as artists’ tools. AI tools may stimulate traditional media, similar to how photography breathed new life into the old art form.

The invention of photography is credited to Frenchman Louis Daguerre and Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot, who independently developed their own photographic processes in the mid-19th century. Daguerre's process, known as the daguerreotype, involved exposing a copper plate coated with silver iodide to light and then treating it with mercury vapor to create a permanent image. Talbot's process, known as the calotype, involved coating a paper negative with silver chloride and then developing a positive image from the negative. Photography changed the way people saw and recorded the world around them. Prior to photography, the only way to record an image was through painting or drawing, which were time-consuming and often required significant artistic skill. With the invention of photography, images could be captured quickly and accurately, allowing people to document events, people, and places with unprecedented detail.

Photography quickly became a popular medium for artistic expression, with photographers experimenting with different techniques and styles to capture the world in unique and compelling ways. Some early photographers, such as Julia Margaret Cameron and Henri Cartier-Bresson, used photography to create beautiful and evocative portraits, while others, such as Ansel Adams, used photography to capture the natural beauty of the world around them.

Back in time, the question of whether photography can be considered art has been a subject of debate for several decades, resulting in three central positions. Some argued that photography could not be regarded as art because it was created by a mechanical device rather than human creativity. Many artists were dismissive of photography and considered it a threat to "real art." For instance, the poet Charles Baudelaire stated in a review of the Salon of 1859, "If photography is allowed to supplement art in some of its functions, it will soon supplant or corrupt it all together, thanks to the stupidity of the multitude which is its natural ally." The second perspective was that photography could be helpful to artists, such as for reference, but should not be seen as equal to drawing and painting. The third group compared photography to established art forms like etching and lithography and believed that photography could eventually be as significant as painting.

By 1863, a painter-photographer named Henri Le Secq claimed, "One knows that photography has harmed painting considerably, and has killed portraiture especially, once the livelihood of the artist." Photography replaced most older forms of portraiture, such as the silhouette, and no one particularly regretted this loss. These debates illustrate how new technologies, like AI as an artistic tool, can disrupt traditional art forms and provoke discussions about their legitimacy and significance.

As history shows, the invention of photography had an unexpected impact on painting, forcing artists to question their role in creating realistic depictions of the world. With the widespread availability of cameras, photorealistic images became common, causing painters to explore new forms of abstraction. The Tonalist movement sought to create atmospheric scenes, while the Impressionists were likely influenced by the "imperfections" of early photographs. Symbolists and post-Impressionists moved away from perceptual realism altogether. Photography continued to influence modern art, with multiple-exposure photography influencing Futurism and Cubism. It's possible that photography was a major catalyst for the Modern Art movement, inspiring artists and pushing them beyond realism.

Alfred Stieglitz, Venetian Canal 1894 Source: www.wikiart.org/

The Pictorialist movement, which emerged in 1885, aimed to establish photography as a recognized art form revolutionized photography by emphasizing the aesthetic qualities of beauty, tonality, and composition over creating a factual representation. They sought to elevate photography to the same level as painting, and to gain recognition for it as an art form in galleries and other artistic institutions. In its early years, photography was primarily used for scientific and documentary purposes. Still, this perception shifted in the 1850s when figures like the English painter William Newton advocated for photography's artistic potential.

Their efforts helped acknowledge photography's artistic potential, culminating in the “Buffalo Show” organized by Alfred Stieglitz at the Albright Gallery in Buffalo, NY, which was the first photography exhibition at an American art museum in 1910. Photography was then firmly established as an art form and was free to move beyond the constraints of Pictorialism.

To avoid making hasty generalizations about the relationship between computer tools and art, this article aims to highlight a few historical references, exploring the emergence of photography first; and, in the next chapter,  delving into film and computer animation.

Today, photography continues to be a popular and important medium for artistic expression, with digital technology making it easier than ever for anyone to capture and share images. With advances in technology, such as high-resolution sensors, image stabilization, and editing software, photographers can now create images that are more detailed, dynamic, and visually stunning than ever before. Whether used for artistic expression or practical purposes, photography remains a powerful tool for capturing and communicating the beauty and complexity of the world around us.

These cases illustrate how, despite initial concerns that new technology might replace artists, it often presents them with new possibilities and roles. Additionally, I will examine how automation is utilized in procedural and computer art in the next chapter. While outsiders may perceive the computer or technology as the primary creative force, the reality is that humans are the author of the work in each field. The artistic human value remains unquestionable, and human input is most essential.

A Mathematical Visual Poem: A Cognitive View of "Pandemic Meditation" by Kaz Maslanka

Kate Vass Galerie is excited to feature an article written by Kaz Maslanka about mathematical visual poetry. Maslanka, an aerospace engineer, artist, mathematical visual poet, and philosopher, has been a pioneer of this genre since the early 1980s. In his article, Maslanka introduces the concept of mathematical visual poetry through one of his recent works, "Pandemic Meditation," and focuses on a particular structure known as the Similar Triangles Poem or Proportional Poem. The article (A Cognitive View of "Pandemic Meditation" (A Mathematical Visual Poem)) was originally published in the January 2022 issue of the Journal of Humanistic Mathematics.

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Mathematical visual poetry is a poetic genre whereby metaphorical expressions are created using mathematical structures. Within the structure, the poetics are understood by the cross-mapping of numerous conceptual domains including visual, lexical, and mathematical. Here I focus on one particular mathematical visual poetic structure: what I call a Similar Triangles Poem or Proportional Poem. To illustrate the ideas discussed, I present “Pandemic Meditation,” a mathematical visual poem; in particular, I discuss how this mathematical poem uses the mechanisms of poetic metaphor in the context of the embodied mind. The intent of this paper is not to explain “Pandemic Meditation,” for explanations of poetry serve only to kill it. Instead, the intent here is to give the reader the tools to access similar triangles poems in general, and this expression in particular, and to show how it functions within the definitions of poetic metaphor. This paper can be used as a template to study all similar triangles visual poems, and more generally, as a source to study visual poetry.

1. Inspiration For “Pandemic Meditation”

Figure 1: Physics equations and a Korean painting of Myeongbujeon (Hell). Illustration only. By Kazmier Maslanka: photo of art work overlayed with equations.

The imagery in Figure 1 comes from a photo I shot at the Philadelphia art museum and is a Josen Dynasty (Korean) painting of Myeongbujeon (Judgement Hall), where the ten kings of Hell reside to judge the dead. Overlayed across the painting, I have chosen to display equations from physics.

The great zen master Hyon Gak Sunim repeatedly states that zen meditation is a “technology” delivering one to understand their “true self”. The enlightened state of meditation happens before thought, so the barrier to enlightenment is the act of thinking. It is interesting to note that Rodin’s sculpture “The Thinker” sits at the gates of hell. In what follows, I share with the reader a particular outcome of the overwhelming act of thinking inspired by the real-time horrors during the pandemic of 2020.

I have always had an affinity for Eastern wisdom, and I have been fortunate enough to have been introduced to a few Korean Seon (Zen) masters. It is their insight that continues to help me with my continuing endeavor to learn more about and live my life guided by their wisdom. As part of this endeavor, I continue to practice meditation, which through much effort has kept me sane during the pandemic.

More specifically, meditation keeps me grounded in the present moment. When one is in the present moment, one can detach from the discontentment that is inherent within the human condition. In these recent days of the COVID-19 pandemic, I have not achieved this state easily, to say the least. The chaos surrounding the affliction has made meditation challenging. The stress of watching the bodies in New York City being stored in refrigerated trucks on the streets due to there being nowhere else to put them has been extremely disturbing for me. The endless news cycles constantly remind me of my age as well as the volatile populations that remain at risk. The latter, among other issues during this crisis, have kept me up at night thinking about family.

The poetic expression, “Pandemic Meditation” (see Figure 2), was inspired during an anxiety-ridden meditation I experienced. Observing my mind was a trial, as the ideas and visual elements seemed to jump about incessantly. During this particular meditation session, thirteen anxieties were spinning around my mind—empty—yet, I was attached such that I could count them. It was a dark space and this is not particularly how I’d like to report meditation. Meditation is the most successful way to minimize anxiety and it helps provide inspiration to continue my poetic expressions. And in this instance, it provided me with an experience where I could see relationships in a way as to point me in the direction of where more practice is needed. I collected my thoughts, arranged, ordered them, and created this expression.

2. Cognitive Linguistics

Figure 2: “Pandemic Meditation,” digital mathematical visual poem, 2020. © Kaz Maslanka.

I want to discuss the mechanisms of poetic metaphor, but before I can do this, f irst we need an understanding of basic or conventional metaphor. Conventional metaphor is the type of metaphor we use in our normal conversations and must be understood in order to study literary metaphor. A comprehensive study of metaphor is beyond the scope of this paper. However, I would like to put forth some initial concepts and definitions concerning metaphor.

A conceptual domain is any construction of coherent thoughts that can be understood in reference to our experience. While limited, for expediency, you may want to start off by just thinking of a conceptual domain as a mental construction, idea, or concept. Lakoff states:

“Each such conceptual metaphor has the same structure. Each is a unidirectional mapping from entities in one conceptual domain to corresponding entities in another conceptual domain. As such conceptual metaphors are part of our system of thought. Their primary function is for us to reason about relatively abstract domains using the inferential structure of relatively concrete domains.” [4]

When constructing or analyzing a metaphor, we perform an ontological mapping across the source domain to the target domain. That is, we understand all the elements of the target domain in terms of what we know about all the elements of the source domain. The source domain expresses concrete concepts where the target domain expresses relatively abstract concepts.

To better understand these mappings between the source and target domains, we need a nomenclature to discuss them. Cognitive linguists name the metaphors using the mnemonic, TARGET IS SOURCE. To illuminate how the nomenclature works for analyzing conventional conceptual metaphor, Lakoff describes the process as:

“Aspects of one concept, the target, are understood in terms of non-metaphoric aspects of another concept, the source. A metaphor with the name A IS B is a mapping of part of the structure of our knowledge of source domain B onto target domain A.” [5]

Lakoff gives us the example LOVE IS A JOURNEY. In this metaphor, we understand the ontology of love in reference to the ontology of a journey. In conventional metaphor, a metaphorical expression is the language used to convey a metaphor. It is important to note that a metaphorical expression is not a metaphor. The metaphor is at a superordinate level relative to the metaphorical expression. One metaphor can be thought of as the root of many metaphorical expressions. In other words, many metaphorical expressions share the same common metaphor. Lakoff states:

“If metaphors were merely linguistic expressions then we would expect different linguistic expressions to be different metaphors.” [2]

When we look at the metaphor LOVE IS A JOURNEY, we can see that many metaphorical expressions are built from that single metaphor. Here are three of numerous examples Lakoff gives that use the metaphor, LOVE IS A JOURNEY:

“We’ve hit a dead-end street.”

“We can’t turn back now.”

“Their marriage is on the rocks.” [2]

Again, one can see from these expressions that we are understanding the target domain LOVE from what we understand about the source domain, JOURNEYS. There are numerous other examples of metaphorical expressions that utilize this metaphor.

3. Poetic Metaphor

Figure 3: Similar triangles and their properties.

Up to this point, I have only talked about conventional metaphors and not addressed poetic or novel metaphor. Concerning poetic metaphor, Lakoff puts forth the same premise as conventional metaphor thus pointing out the relationship between thought and language:

“The generalization governing poetic metaphorical expressions are not in language but in thought. They are general mappings across conceptual domains.” [2]

Lakoff and Turner [5] tell us there are three basic mechanisms for interpreting linguistic expressions as novel metaphor: extensions of conventional metaphors; generic-level metaphors; image-metaphors.

A similar triangles poem is a poem in the form of a/b = c/d, where we are cross-mapping concepts across the variables to create poetic expressions. What I would like to show in this paper is that successful similar triangles poems use all three mechanisms listed above within the one construction. To illustrate my point, I will analyze “Pandemic Meditation,” which is a similar triangles poem. I will say a bit more about similar triangles poems soon, in Section 4. But before that, let us open up Lakoff and Turner’s three mechanisms.

Extension of conventional metaphor is recognized as an expression that is a novel use of a metaphor that we use in our everyday language. Lakoff and Johnson go into great detail illuminating conventional metaphor in their book Metaphors We Live By [3]. Suffice it to say that the extension of conventional metaphor evokes a creative realization that gives us an understanding of something common, yet in a very different way.

The next mechanism is image-mapping, and Lakoff gives us an example from Andre Breton:

For example, consider:

“My wife ... whose waist is an hourglass.”

This is the superimposition of the image of an hourglass onto the image of a woman’s waist by virtue of their common shape.” [2]

Let us note that image-metaphor and image-schema are different; I will address that later. That said, Mark Johnson states:

“[image-schemas are] the recurring patterns of our sensory-motor experience by means of which we can make sense of that experience and reason about it”. [1]

Our third mechanism is generic-level metaphors. These extend to a large array of metaphoric expressions. Here I will focus on a subset of the genericlevel metaphors, the GENERIC IS SPECIFIC metaphor. When we get a general understanding of something by merely reading a specific case for it, we are experiencing a GENERIC IS SPECIFIC metaphor. Proverbs operate in this manner because they make specific statements that can be used in numerous general situations. Lakoff and Turner explain:

Figure 4: Domain mappings.

“There exists a single generic-level metaphor, GENERIC IS SPECIFIC, which maps a single-level schema onto an indefinitely large number of parallel specific-level schema that all have the same generic-level structure as the source domain schema.” [5]

It is interesting to note that when applied, a pure mathematical equation automatically expresses a generic-level schema in a couple of ways.

Firstly, we see that the single equation structure provides numerous applied mathematical specific-level schemas. For instance, in physics, we have the equations for force: F = ma, distance: d = vt, or Ohm’s law: V = IR. And there are many more of these types of equations, all being specific-level expressions with the same generic-level structure, that is a = b times c.

In addition, within an equation, each variable has the ability to express infinite levels of values. In essence those values, or in the context of mathematical poetry, levels of importance or magnitude function in relation to each other as different specific-level schemes expressed in the form/scheme of a general-level equation. In other words, the equation is at the general level and any fixed set of values for the variables would be a specific-level schema.

At the end of the paper, I will address this metaphor in the context of “Pandemic Meditation”. Along the way, we will also see how each of the three mechanisms functions more generally in the context of similar triangles poems.

4. Similar Triangles Image-schema

I defined a similar triangles poem as a poem in the form of a/b = c/d, where we are cross-mapping concepts across the variables to create poetic expressions. I occasionally use the term “proportional poem” as a synonym. Yet, I believe that, at least in this present context, the similar triangles image scheme is more helpful in understanding how the poetic form interacts with the construct of poetic metaphor.

The equation used in “Pandemic Meditation” uses a similar triangles imageschema; see Figure 3 for a visual summary of the properties of similar triangles that will be relevant to us here. More generally, similar triangle poems intrinsically contain an image-schema, whereby the structure of a pair of similar triangles is part of the metaphorical mapping. What makes this method captivating is that aspects of this structure lend themselves directly to mapping metaphoric expressions across the horizontal bar and the equal sign of the equation.

Figure 5: Image mappings.

When we are using a similar triangles poetic scheme, the cognitive structure of the similar triangles provides the overall image-schema for the equation, and the terms for the equation provide the conceptual domains.

There are multiple ways these domains can be grouped to construct a metaphorical expression; see Figure 4 (we will say a lot more about this figure in Section 6). What is consistent in every grouping is that we map the conceptual values of the source domain to the corresponding conceptual values in the target domain. The image-schema inherent in the analogy of the proportional legs of the triangles will always be compared to the image-schema created by the proportional analogy of the conceptual domains that are being expressed. The terms of the equations have values that are open to interpretation but are generally experienced as contextual importance or magnitude.

As in all poetry, it is up to the reader to find meaning in the expression. Symmetry, in this context, can be explained as the concepts that remain consistent when other things change as we move between two domains. The important factor and the subsequent strength of the metaphoric expressions will be judged on the clarity in the symmetry expressed when finding a cognitive pattern across the corresponding ontologies between the source and target domains. The metaphor can be thought of as the union in the set of ontologies of the source domain and the set of ontologies of the target domain.

The union is the symmetry. In a mathematical visual poem, there will always be some imagery (image-metaphors) that we can map to each other or to the lexical or mathematical expressions (conceptual domains); see Figure 5 for a depiction of the image-mappings involved in a similar triangles poem. We will say more about this in Section 7.

5. Similar Triangles Equation

Figure 6: Palm tree and man at the beach.

Before getting further into the methods for analyzing these structures for poetics, let us examine how similar triangles can be used as a language to solve the dilemma of finding the height of a Mission Beach palm tree. The photo/diagrams we will use will offer us a good example of how to analyze similar triangles or proportional equations.

Notice a man and a palm tree in Figure 6. If I were to give you a tape measure and ask you to tell me how tall the palm tree is, would you be able to do it? It is easy if you understand the relationship between similar triangles and are able to set up the equation.

Figure 7: Proportions of shadow and height.

An interesting factor about similar triangles is that there is a proportional relationship between the sides of the two triangles. In the second diagram, you can see this proportion relationship in that the tree’s height is to its shadow as the man’s height is to his shadow. In algebra, we can set up the equation to express this relationship; see Figure 7.

The tree’s height divided by the tree’s shadow is equal to the man’s height divided by his shadow; see Figure 8.

We can physically measure both of the shadows and the man’s height, plug them into the equation given in Figure 7, and solve the equation for the tree’s height. This method will give us the answer to how tall the palm tree is.

Figure 8: Using similar triangles to determine the tree’s height.

6. Mapping Cognitive Domains

Figure 9: The particular aspect of the similar triangles image-schema used that shows up in “Pandemic Meditation”.

Within the similar triangles poem structure, there are eight important mappings that we can focus on. We use algebra to solve for each cognitive domain (variable) and analyze the results. A successful proportional poem is a creation whereby the source domain and target domain share a cognitive pattern. It is up to the reader to parse through the four syntactical arrangements and the four syntactical aspects shown in Figure 4.

There are two redundancies in the syntactical arrangements for we will find two mappings are reciprocals of the other two. This means that we will be swapping the target and source domains to see what happens. If the poem is strong, then two of the arrangements will resonate strongly, while the other two may only provide interesting nuances. That said, a strong expression will make sense in each of the four syntactical aspects. Figure 11 shows one aspect used in “Pandemic Meditation”.

Yet, all four aspects are meaningful, and we list two of them below, in Figures 12 and 13.

7. Image-Mappings

Since a mathematical visual poem automatically includes images, metaphors, and image-schema, we are able to image map numerous metaphorical expressions in its structure. Not only can we map image-metaphors across each other but also we can map them to image-schema in the mathematical and lexical domains; see Figure 5. In other words, we can map image-schema to abstract target domains that don’t contain image-schema. For instance, we can map an image-metaphor to one of the target domains in the similar triangles equation (once again, see Figure 5.)

Wealso need to be cognizant that image-schema metaphors are not the same as image-metaphors. As Lakoff and Turner state:

“Image-metaphors map rich mental images onto other rich mental images. They are one-shot metaphors, relating one rich image with one other rich image. Image-schema, as the name suggests are not rich mental images; they are instead very general structures, like bounded regions, paths and centers (as opposed to peripheries), and so on. The spatial senses of prepositions tend to be defined in terms of image-schemas (e.g., in, out, to, from, along, and so on).” [5]

Figure 10: Section of “Pandemic Meditation”.

This leads us to notice that within the similar triangles image-schema of “Pandemic Meditation,” a container image-schema can be found as well. Therefore we have image-schema within image-schema. In “Pandemic Meditation,” the container-schemas are expressed as, “In a shouting match” or “encircling the corpse that my soul drags”.

In this poetic expression, you will notice the number 13 provides a schema as well, for it is repeated in numerous ways, including the circled letters in the reflecting anagrams (“eleven plus one = twelve plus two”). There is an ominous sky, large raven, three skeletons, and a swinging/jumping monkey seen among the circling image-schema; see Figure 10 for some of the details.

The reader is to map the images to the domains searching for a cognitive pattern connecting us to the metaphors. The image-schema of 13 circles connecting the identical letters to each other map to the image-schema created by the domain of 13 vultures. The 13 vultures map to the skeletons which map to the raven with a 3-way connection to the concept of death. The A JURY OF 13 ACUTE ANXIETIES IN A SHOUTING MATCH map to the 13 vultures due to the connecting container schema. The Buddhist concept of monkey mind, an analogy of our disquieted mind, maps to the 13 circles schema as a path-schema for the monkey to follow. The Skeletons, Raven, and Vultures map to the target domain of A JURY OF 13 ACUTE ANXIETIES IN A SHOUTING MATCH or to the target domain of the NON-ATTACHED MIND (or lack thereof).

I am fascinated by similar triangles equations and by the numerous ways of solving them, which all together offer a versatile form for poetry. We map across the horizontal bar as well as the equal sign, enabling the target and source domains to move around the equation, creating new syntax and richer meaning. We also change meaning by assigning different values or levels of importance to the variable concepts as shown in the 4 syntactical aspects from Figure 4. That is, aesthetic value is found as one creates values for the poem while reading it, much like finding personal meaning in a traditional lexical poem. There are multiple values present in this semantically dynamic equation.

8. The Equation

Figure 11: Equation as it appears in “Pandemic Meditation”.

Let us now look at the proportionality equation in “Pandemic Meditation” and explore a few ways we can manipulate it algebraically. We have already seen Figure 9, which displays the equation written in the syntax of the poem and also in a serif font. Figure 11 below shows us the form as it appears in the poem itself.

Because proportional poems carry the image-schema of similar triangles, they can be read as a is to b as d is to e (as in Figure 3). The mappings of the target and source can be reversed so that the structure can be read lexically in four different ways (recall Figure 4.)

Let us first focus on two different ways we can view the similar triangles structure built into “Pandemic Meditation” and then look at four attributes to take into consideration.

Figure 12: Another form of the equation.

Two Examples of Arrangements

One of the new forms would be asserting that the value of NON-ATTACHED MINDis to the value of A JURY OF 13 ACUTEANXIETIESINASHOUTING MATCH as the value of MY CORPOREAL BODY is to the value of A DARK CLOUD OF 13 VULTURES ENCIRCLING THE CORPSE MY SOUL DRAGS.

Or we can mathematically manipulate the original equation from Figure 11 to get Figure 12.

Another form would be asserting that the value of NON-ATTACHED MIND is to the value of MY CORPOREAL BODY as the value of A JURY OF 13 ACUTE ANXIETIES IN A SHOUTING MATCH is to the value of A DARK CLOUD OF 13 VULTURES ENCIRCLING THE CORPSE MY SOUL DRAGS.

Or once again, we can mathematically manipulate the original equation from Figure 11, this time, to get Figure 13.

The Four Aspects

To illustrate the dynamics inherent in these equations, let us now view the four syntactical attributes inherent in the solutions for each variable of the expression — note that these values vary from zero to infinity and everything in-between — once again we are referring to Figure 4.

Figure 13: Another rearrangement of the equation.

When the value of NON-ATTACHED MIND becomes near-infinite the value of A DARK CLOUD OF 13 VULTURES ENCIRCLING THE CORPSE MY SOUL DRAGS becomes near zero.

When the value of A DARK CLOUD OF 13 VULTURES ENCIRCLING THE CORPSE MY SOUL DRAGS becomes near-infinite then the value of NON-ATTACHED MIND becomes near zero.

When the value of A JURY OF 13 ACUTE ANXIETIES IN A SHOUTING MATCH becomes near-infinite then the value of MY CORPOREAL BODY becomes near zero.

When the value of MY CORPOREAL BODY becomes near-infinite then the value of A JURY OF 13 ACUTE ANXIETIES IN A SHOUTING MATCH becomes near zero.

9. Poetic Metaphor Mechanisms in “Pandemic Meditation”

The paper set out to show how the mechanisms of poetic metaphor are present in similar triangles poems. While there are many examples, let us highlight at least one example for each of the three mechanisms of poetic metaphor described in Section 3 in relation to the mathematical visual poem “Pandemic Meditation”.

Extended conventional metaphor: Whenwemapthevaluesinthesource domains of A DARK CLOUDOF13VULTURESENCIRCLINGTHE CORPSE MY SOUL DRAGS and MY CORPOREAL BODY to the target domains of A JURY OF 13 ACUTE ANXIETIES IN A SHOUTING MATCH and NON-ATTACHED MIND, we are performing an example of an extended conventional metaphor. The conventional metaphor used in these expressions is the MIND IS BODY metaphor. These metaphorical expressions are not conventional in the sense that they are not part of our basic use of language. As you solve the equation in the numerous ways, you read many expressions of the MIND IS BODY metaphor.

Image-mappings: There are numerous examples of image-mappings in this poem, but I would like to focus on two:

(a) The image-schema of the similar triangles mapping one to another is an example of mapping an image-schema to a similar imageschema. In other words, similar triangles ensure the image-schema is consistent across the expressions.

(b) The image of the 13 circles moving between the letters of the anagrams to the 13 anxieties and again to the 13 vultures uses the same circling image-schema which is another example of imagemapping expressed in the poem.

The generic-level metaphor: This metaphor mechanism can be realized in this poem by noticing that the GENERIC IS SPECIFIC metaphor exists within the specific-level expression of A JURY OF 13 ACUTE ANXIETIES IN A SHOUTING MATCH AS ADARKCLOUDOF13 VULTURES ENCIRCLING THE CORPSE MY SOUL DRAGS. Due to vultures being symbols of death, we see that we have the conventional metaphor DEATH IS A DEVOURER. With our mapping, we see the expression, DEATH IS ANXIETY. This can be understood as not only 13 specific-level omens of death but countless specific-level omens of death for every anxiety that is encountered during the pandemic.

I will reiterate that the equation structure alone affords numerous values within the variable terms/domains. This means that the conceptual domains are variable and thus able to express countless fixed specificlevel expressions for the four conceptual domains within the equation.

For example, NON-ATTACHED MIND can be expressing a mind of enlightenment or a mind in hell; it can also express everything inbetween (see Figure 4. Of course, the proportional schema means that when you change the value (importance) of a conceptual domain, one of the other conceptual domains must change importance as well because of our expectation that the similar triangles schema must be consistent.

10. Conclusion

I would like to end this essay with a personal note. The aesthetic beauty that I have found within a mathematical visual proportional poem lies in an alternating cognizance between the two experiences below:

The beauty found in analyzing the lexical and mathematical multiple dynamic cross-domain mappings inherent in the similar triangles imageschema.

The conflation of lexical and sensorial visual imagery.

From the examples above, I hope readers can clearly see that similar triangle poems satisfy the requirements of poetic metaphor. I also hope that they are intrigued by the form and will try to construct or write their own similar triangles poems.

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Acknowledgments: This essay was written as a response to a request from Jesse Russell Brooks, Director of the Film and Video Poetry Society, Los Angeles, California.

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References

[1] Mark Johnson, “The philosophical significance of image schemas,” pages 15–34 in From Perception to Meaning Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics, edited by Beate Hampe (De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, 2008).

[2] George Lakoff; “Contemporary Theory of Metaphor,” pages 202–251 in Metaphor and Thought edited by Andrew Ortony (Cambridge University Press, 1992).

[3] George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, 1980.

[4] George Lakoff and Rafael Nu˜nez, Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being, Basic Books, 2000.

[5] George Lakoff and Mark Turner, More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide To Poetic Metaphor, University of Chicago Press, 1989.

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Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952–1982

Sonya Rapoport, page 2 from Anasazi Series II, 1977 (detail), Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Purchased with funds provided by the Prints and Drawings Council and the Stephen A. Kanter Trust, by exchange, © Estate of Sonya Rapoport, photo © Museum Associates/LACMA

"Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952–1982" is an exhibition that explores the critical relationship between early computer art and other contemporary art movements of the time. It features international and interdisciplinary artworks from artists, writers, musicians, choreographers, and filmmakers who worked directly with computers and used algorithms or other systems to produce their work. The exhibition is organized by Leslie Jones, the curator of Prints and Drawings at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA).

The exhibition begins with works from the early 1950s when only universities and research centers could afford access to computers. It focuses on these early experiments when artists had to collaborate with other researchers and engineers or teach themselves coding. For these artists, in addition to technical knowledge and aesthetic sense, it was also important to connect with art historical genres. Even the first generative artists like A. Michael Noll or Frieder Nake wanted to engage with the history of art, creating artworks that referred to works by Piet Mondrian or Paul Klee. The exhibition also features work by the Hungarian-born artist Vera Molnar, who was also engaged with constructivism and concrete art.

Frederick Hammersley, SCALLOP POTATOES #50, 1969. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Gift of Frederick Hammersley Foundation. Courtesy of the New Mexico Museum of Art. Photography courtesy of Museum Associates/LACMA

The exhibition investigates the relationship between early computer art and other art movements, such as Op art, constructivism, conceptual art, Fluxus, and minimalism. This approach of connecting generative art with other mainstream art movements is not a new concept. Many researchers like Grant Taylor (“When the Machine Made Art: The Troubled History of Computer Art”, 2014), Charlie Gere (“Digital Culture”, 2022), and Philip Galanter (“Generative Art and Complexity Theory”, 2003) among others have provided detailed overviews of the early history of computer art and its connections to other art movements. However, "Coded" is the first major exhibition to bring these works together in one place and showcase them side-by-side. For the first time, visitors can see Sol LeWitt's cubes next to Manfred Mohr's work, a relationship that has often appeared in the literature but has never been seen by the public together. "Coded" also highlights a less well-known movement in Croatia, „New Tendencies”, which organized exhibitions between 1969 and 1973, making it one of the first attempts to introduce computer art to a wider audience by linking it to art historical movements.

The exhibition not only showcases fine art but also examples from other art fields, such as poetry, film, dance, and music, providing a comprehensive overview of the earliest days. The exhibition features compositions by Lejaren Hiller and Leonard Isaacson using computers, and Max Matthews, who developed the first music program at Bell Labs. The exhibition features a playlist of computer-generated music created with the help of Mark "Frosty" McNeill, which visitors can listen to on LACMA's website and within the exhibition. In addition to the playlist, the show also includes several other programs, such as Analívia Cordeiro's upcoming performance integrating dance and computer art.

Victor Vasarely, Vega-Kontosh-Va, 1971. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, gift of Mr. and Mrs. Donald Winston through the Contemporary Art Council, Courtesy Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. Photography courtesy of Museum Associates/LACMA

The exhibition ends in 1982 when personal computers emerged, as LACMA wanted to represent only the early years of computer art and how the computer was used at that time. Although the exhibition features significant artists like Manfred Mohr, Vera Molnár, Francois Morellet, Frieder Nake, Harold Cohen, Charles Csuri, Desmond Paul Henry, and A. Michael Noll, there are some artists missing who also made important contributions to the development of this art form during its early stages.

Artists like Roman Verostko and Herbert W. Franke made a huge impact on computer-generated art. In 1982, Roman Verostko developed an interactive program that controls the drawing arm of a machine known as a pen plotter, creating intricate and complex drawings that were unlike anything else at the time. Franke was a pioneer in both computer-generated art and generative photography. He developed innovative techniques for creating abstract photographic images using computer algorithms, creating works that were both aesthetically pleasing and technically innovative.

Gottfried Jäger and Hein Gravenhorst were also significant artists in the field of generative photography. Their work explored the potential of using computers to generate and manipulate photographic images. Nancy Burson is known for being the first artist to experiment with composite photographs and for pioneering the technique of “morphing”, which involves using a computer program to overlay and manipulate photos. It is important to recognize the significance of these artists in computer-generated art and to acknowledge the ways in which they helped to shape and define the early years.

The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) has a long-standing commitment to exhibiting and collecting works of art that incorporate technology and new media. The museum has been at the forefront of presenting and promoting the use of technology in art since the 1960s and has showcased groundbreaking exhibitions about computer art and digital media. This has helped to establish the museum as a leading institution in the field of new media and technology-based art. The museum's acquisition of Frederick Hammersley's drawing in 1972 was a significant moment in the development of computer art, and this exhibition "Coded: Art Enters the Computer Age, 1952-1982" continues this legacy.

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 Date: Feb 12–Jul 2, 2023

Location: Los Angeles County Museum of Art , BCAM, Level 2

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© David Young

© Kaz Maslanka